The days of hermits living alone in caves are long gone. In the modern world, only those who know how to interact with other people become successful. And the most natural way to interact is by talking. That's why it's so important in life learn how to speak fluently and fluently. This is what our article will be devoted to. We will give recommendations to help you develop your speech.

1. Improve your knowledge of the language you speak.

Let's start simple. Before preparing any dish, we need to stock up on the necessary ingredients. So it is with speech - in order to speak beautifully and competently, you need to know the words. A person gives out information from what he receives. Therefore, the thicker your “verbal purse” is, the more opportunities will open up for you for a beautiful and competent presentation of thoughts. And knowledge of the rules of combining words together will greatly increase you in the eyes of the interlocutor.

How to replenish vocabulary?

1. Take an interest in the world around you
2. Do not skip Russian language classes, this is where they teach literacy (an option for adults - start learning it in your free time)
3. Listen to other people more
4. Watch good movies
5. Read books, articles - the more the better
6. When you get comfortable, you can start improvising and invent your own, non-existent words :)

In the process of reading and absorbing information, something will seem insanely beautiful, interesting, worthy of attention to you. Often these are incredibly colorful comparisons, epithets that fly from the lips of the protagonist as flattering and pleasant as an extra half hour of sleep in the morning. Feel free to grab such phrases and words into your vocabulary. Use them in your speech according to the rules of the language, and watch how people begin to listen, fall at your feet and do everything you say :)

These are words that fill our speech, but do not carry any semantic load. For example, such words: how-to, something, in principle, well, damn it, in short, how-to, in general (finally), and many more. Literate people do not use them in their speech. And no wonder! Compare these offers:

Damn, well, actually I kind of told you that it would be better not to go to this club at all.

I told you it's better not to go to this club.

What phrase do you think will have the strongest influence on your club lover, and will sound more confident, more powerful? Of course the second. And the first is more suitable for the eternal inhabitants of the friend zone and other objectionable places.

3. Add intonation, dynamics to your speech.

Any, even the most intelligent and beautiful phrase will be lost if you monotonously pronounce it under your breath. The next step in the development of your speech is to give words more color, giving them intonation and volume appropriate to the situation. Regiments do not go on the attack under the whisper of the commander, and in the bed of love no one shouts in the ear. You need to feel the situation, and select the appropriate dynamics. If you speak barely audibly all the time, then people will not heed what has been said, and if you are overly expressive all the time, then others will consider you crazy.

Watch more good films, communicate with older, more experienced, smarter people. In this matter, you need to choose a good role model for yourself, or better, more.

4. Add body to your speech.

The world is a theater, and the people in it are actors. This means that in order to learn how to speak beautifully and competently, you need not only to speak, but also to play. This is given to many by nature, and they do not even think about what happens to their body during a conversation. Their hands describe objects better than words, their eyebrows go up and down, and the muscles of the face do not stop contracting and relaxing. If your body is clamped, then you need to work on it, become more liberated, release yourself from the tight grip of your own complexes.

See how stand-up comedians behave when they talk or interact with the audience, this is a great example of what to strive for. However, your favorite movie actor will also do. The main thing here, as well as on the set, is not to start overacting :)

At this stage, we already have the necessary words and knowledge for their proper use, unnecessary ones are gradually eliminated. Speech is diverse in its dynamics, intonation and is well supported by facial expressions. Then we just need to learn how to use all this wealth competently. And that only comes with practice. We will give some additional tips for practicing your speech.

Record your speech on a voice recorder and analyze it.

Get out of your comfort zone more often.

Do you like to sit at home in your cozy room with a cat, watch TV shows, play games and read interesting articles? We are forced to upset you - that's not all: you need to go out as often as possible. It is on the battlefield that skills are honed. Attend parties, events where you will be forced to talk with new, unfamiliar people. For example, go to college.

The more you communicate with society, the freer and more confident you will feel in it.

Pre-prepared topics often help in a conversation.

Oh, those awkward pauses that occur during the first meeting and dialogue with a person. Be prepared, don't let things take their course. Come up with a few topics that you can talk about with a complete stranger. For example, where he met the owner of the party, what he thinks about the last speech of his father-in-law, or how he copes with such a fierce heat on the street. If a person is hooked and starts a dialogue with you, great. If he answers something like “norms”, then do not force him or yourself - let everything be normal for you too.

Cabbage juice is the most useful life-giving drink that can give our body a lot of necessary and useful substances. About what useful properties of cabbage juice exist, and how to drink it correctly, we will talk in our article. Cabbage is one of the most useful vegetable crops because it has very valuable properties. This product is tasty and nutritious, besides, it is an affordable medicine that everyone can grow in their garden. By eating cabbage, you can eliminate many health problems. Although everyone knows that due to the fiber contained in cabbage, this vegetable is difficult to digest, causing gas formation. To avoid such problems, it is more useful to drink cabbage juice, getting the same beneficial substances contained in the vegetable.

Freshly squeezed cabbage juice contains vitamin C, which increases the body's resistance to infections. Scientists have calculated that in order to satisfy the daily need of our body for vitamin C, you can eat about 200 g of cabbage. In addition, the vegetable contains the vitamin K we need, which is responsible for the full formation of bones, as well as for blood clotting. Cabbage, and accordingly cabbage juice, contains B vitamins and a very rich set of minerals, including iron, zinc, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and other elements.

What is very pleasant for people losing weight, cabbage juice is very low in calories (25 kcal per 100 ml). This is a diet drink that will help get rid of excess weight. Cabbage juice has wound healing and hemostatic properties. It is used externally, for the treatment of burns and wounds, and for oral administration (for the treatment of ulcers). It is effective to use fresh cabbage juice to treat gastritis and ulcers. The effect is provided thanks to the vitamin U which is contained in juice. This vitamin helps cell regeneration in the mucous membranes of the stomach and intestines. The juice is used to treat hemorrhoids, colitis and inflammatory processes in the stomach and intestines, as well as bleeding gums.

Cabbage juice is used as an antimicrobial agent that can affect some pathogens of dangerous diseases, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Koch's bacillus and SARS. Cabbage juice is also used to treat bronchitis, in particular, it is able to thin and remove sputum. For such treatment, it is recommended to take juice with honey to enhance the healing effect. Cabbage juice is also used to restore tooth enamel, improve the condition of nails, skin and hair. With diabetes, drinking cabbage juice can prevent the appearance of skin diseases.

Cabbage juice must be introduced into the diet of those who want to lose weight, due to its low calorie content and high biological activity. At the same time, cabbage juice can be satiated very quickly without getting extra calories, besides, it prevents the conversion of carbohydrates into fat deposits. Cabbage juice is able to normalize the work of the intestines, removing bile stagnant in the body, fights constipation and helps to remove harmful substances from the body.

Since the juice contains folic acid, which helps conception and the full development of the fetus, it is useful for expectant mothers to drink it. Vitamins and minerals contained in the juice protect against infections and colds.

When drinking cabbage juice, you should follow the rules. Juice has contraindications and restrictions. The drink is able to dissolve and decompose toxins accumulated in the body, causing strong gas formation in the intestines, so you can drink it no more than three glasses a day. It is worth starting to use, starting with one and a half glasses. For the reasons listed above, cabbage juice is not recommended in the postoperative period, if the operations were performed in the abdominal cavity, and during breastfeeding, with gastritis with high acidity, with kidney diseases and problems with the pancreas.

The world we live in often affects the state of our nervous system, as it is full of various stressful situations, chronic fatigue and systematic tension. However, the nervous system should be constantly monitored and not overstrained. To do this, it is necessary to streamline everyday worries, for which purpose create and adhere to the correct daily routine, if necessary, attend a course of psychotherapy, yoga, auto-training and other events. But the easiest way to relax is a simple cup of herbal tea, fragrant and warm. An excellent natural remedy for calming, which gently affects the nerves, exhausted during the day, is evening tea. Teas that relax the nervous system help to level irritability, nervous exhaustion and relax before going to bed, overcoming insomnia. We will talk about how tea calms the nervous system in our article.

Tea from the collection of fragrant herbs

To prepare this wonderful tea, you should take in equal proportions such plants as St. John's wort, peppermint, chamomile and hawthorn flowers. Grind the ingredients, then Art. l. mixture pour boiling water in a cup, and leave for 30 minutes, covered with a lid. Strain the cooled infusion and add a small amount of honey to it. Drink sleep. This tea will easily calm the nerves, but it is recommended to drink it for no more than two months.

Lime tea

To prepare tea, dry linden flowers and lemon balm should be mixed in equal parts, pouring the mixture with a glass of warm water, and boiling for about five minutes. The broth is infused for 15 minutes, filtered, a spoonful of honey is added and taken for tea drinking. If such tea is taken regularly, the nervous system will respond more calmly to various unpleasant stimuli.

Mint tea with motherwort

We mix chamomile and motherwort herb 10 g each, add chopped mint 20 g, lime blossom, lemon balm and dried strawberries. Three tablespoons of the mixture should be poured into 1 liter of boiling water and insisted for up to 12 minutes. You need to drink the infusion during the day, if desired, add a little jam or honey. Such an infusion is intended not to completely suppress the nervous system, but only to calm it gently. Such tea should be drunk for a long time, without the risk of adverse reactions that are harmful to health.

Simple soothing teas

We mix hop cones and valerian roots, 50 g each, then brew a dessert spoon of the mixture with boiling water, leave for 30 minutes, filter. Drink throughout the day in small portions. At night it is better to drink a whole glass of this tea. The tool quickly calms the nerves and helps in the fight against insomnia.

In equal parts, mix peppermint herb and valerian roots, then pour a dessert spoon of this mixture with boiling water, leave for half an hour and filter. We drink this tea in the morning and in the evening for half a glass. To enhance the effect, it is recommended to add a little anise or dill fruit.

Melissa, valerian root and motherwort are taken in equal proportions and brewed in a cup. Then insist and filter. You need to drink tea before eating a dessert spoon.

Drinking half a glass of tea before meals, prepared according to the recipe below, can calm the nerves and improve digestion. To prepare it, place 1 tsp in a half-liter jar. motherwort, hop cones and green tea, pour boiling water, leave for 12 minutes, strain. Add honey to taste.

Sophisticated soothing teas

Mix in equal proportions peppermint, oregano, St. John's wort and chamomile. Then we brew a dessert spoon of the collection in a cup, insist, filter and add honey. Drink this tea in a glass in the morning and before bed.

In equal proportions, mix peppermint, valerian root, hop cones, motherwort and grated rose hips. A tablespoon of the mixture should be brewed in the form of tea, insist and strain. Such a sedative should be drunk throughout the day.

Calming teas for children

To prepare a soothing tea for children, you need to mix chamomile flowers, peppermint and fennel in equal parts. Then pour boiling water over a dessert spoon of the collection and hold in a steam bath for about 20 minutes, strain. This tea is recommended to be given to young children in the evening before bedtime, a teaspoonful, as it can soothe, relax, and normalize a healthy alternation of sleep and wakefulness.

The teas that were described in our article can calm the nervous system and normalize blood pressure. Such daily tea drinking helps to improve sleep and skin condition. Medicinal plants that are part of these teas help eliminate dark circles under the eyes, improve vision, and improve the functioning of the stomach and intestines.

Previously, people could not imagine that a person's breakfast could consist of various crispy balls with dried fruits, cereals and milk. But nowadays, such food does not surprise anyone, because such a breakfast is very tasty, and besides, it is easy to prepare. However, such food opens up a lot of controversy and discussion, since it is important for people to know what are the benefits and harms of breakfast cereals for human health. The very concept of dry food appeared in 1863, and James Jackson introduced it. The first food was compressed bran. Even though it was not very tasty, it was a healthy meal. The Kellogg brothers supported the idea of ​​dry food already at the beginning of the twentieth century. At this time, both Americans and Europeans were embraced by the idea of ​​proper and healthy nutrition. At that time, the brothers produced breakfast cereals made from soaked corn kernels passed through rollers. These breakfasts were more like raw dough torn to pieces. They were helped by an accident in which this body was placed on a hot baking sheet and forgotten about it. Thus, the first dry breakfasts were obtained. This idea was taken up by many companies, and the cereal was mixed with nuts. Fruits and other products.

What are the benefits of breakfast cereals?

In the last twenty years, ordinary breakfasts, which consisted of sandwiches and cereals, began to be replaced by dry ones. The main advantage of dry food is, first of all, time saving, which is very important in our time. A full and proper breakfast in our time, few can afford. That is why the main benefit of breakfast cereals is their simple and quick preparation. These breakfasts are easy to prepare. All you have to do is pour the cereal with milk. In addition, milk can be replaced with yogurt or kefir.

During the production of dry breakfasts, all the useful substances of cereals are preserved. For example, corn flakes are saturated with vitamins A and E, while rice flakes contain amino acids that are important for our body. Oatmeal contains phosphorus and magnesium. But, unfortunately, not all breakfasts are good for the human body, some of them can be harmful.

Dry breakfasts include snacks, muesli, and cereals. Snacks are balls and pillows of various sizes made from rice, corn, barley, oats and rye. These cereals are steamed under high pressure in order to preserve the maximum amount of useful trace elements and vitamins. However, with additional heat treatment, such as roasting, the product loses its benefits. When nuts, honey, fruits, chocolate are added to flakes, muesli is obtained. For the production of snacks, ground flakes, as well as various additions to them, are overcooked. More often, snacks are loved by children, so they are produced in the form of different figures. Some manufacturers add various fillings to snacks, including chocolate. However, after adding sugar and various additives to breakfasts, it will no longer be very useful. In this regard, in order to maintain health and figure, it is better to choose raw cereals or muesli with fruits and honey.

Why dry breakfasts are harmful

Snacks are the most harmful product, since more useful substances are destroyed during their preparation. One serving of such breakfasts contains only about two grams of fiber, while our body needs up to 30 grams of dietary fiber per day. It is more useful to eat raw flakes that have not undergone heat treatment. This product will fill the body with the necessary amount of fiber. Snacks are harmful due to frying, as they become high in calories and fatty.

It is necessary to take into account the high calorie content of dry breakfasts. For example, the calorie content of pillows with filling is about 400 calories, and chocolate balls - 380 calories. Cakes and sweets have a similar calorie content, and this is not healthy. Various additives that are part of dry breakfasts cause more harm. That is why buy raw cereal for children, without various additives. Add honey, nuts, or dried fruits to your breakfast cereal yourself and avoid foods that include sugar substitutes.

Wheat, rice and corn flakes are very easy to digest because they contain simple carbohydrates. This fills the body with energy and provides nutrition to the brain, but excessive consumption of these carbohydrates leads to excess weight.

Dry breakfasts that have undergone heat treatment are very harmful. During the cooking process, the fat or oil used in the cooking process can lead to cardiovascular problems and high cholesterol levels. The composition of breakfasts often includes flavor enhancers, baking powder and flavorings. Avoid purchasing products with such additives.

A child can be given cereal from the age of six, not earlier, since coarse fibers are difficult to digest by the children's intestines.

The pain that people can periodically feel for various reasons can destroy all the plans for the day, spoil their mood and worsen the quality of life. Pain can be of a different nature, but in order to get rid of it, people resort to the use of painkillers. However, at the same time, few people think that using an anesthetic, we can harm our health, since each drug has side effects that can manifest themselves in a separate organism. However, not everyone knows that some products are able to reduce or relieve pain, while quite effectively and without exposing the body to additional risk. Of course, with the appearance of any pain, it is necessary to determine what it is associated with. Pain is a kind of signal from the body, indicating that it has problems. Therefore, in no case can one ignore pain, and sometimes it is impossible to do this, because it reminds of itself, sometimes at the most inopportune moment. In our article, we will talk about what products can relieve pain, or reduce its manifestation at least for a while.

People who have chronic diseases that periodically manifest themselves as pain can make up some kind of anti-pain diet to alleviate their condition. So, here are the products that can soothe the pain:

Turmeric and ginger. Ginger is a proven remedy for many diseases that can effectively deal with pain. For example, in oriental medicine, this plant is used to reduce toothache. To this end, you need to prepare a decoction of ginger and rinse the mouth with it. Pain resulting from exercise and due to intestinal disorders and ulcers can be soothed with ginger and turmeric. In addition, these plants have a positive effect on kidney health.

Parsley. This green contains essential oils that can stimulate blood circulation in the human body, including the blood supply to internal organs. The use of parsley in the body increases the adaptive capacity, which accelerates healing.

Chilli. This is another pain reliever. In the course of the studies, it was found that red pepper is able to increase the pain threshold of a person. The molecules of this product activate the immune defense in the body and produce endorphins that work as an anesthetic. Traditionally, this pepper is included in the menu of peoples living in difficult natural conditions and engaged in hard physical labor.

bitter chocolate. As mentioned above, the hormone endorphin, which is also called the "hormone of happiness", is a natural pain reliever. The production of this natural pain reliever is stimulated by the consumption of chocolate. Everyone knows the peculiarity of chocolate to give pleasure, however, this product not only gives mood, but is able to relieve pain.

Whole grain products. According to some experts, the ability of products made from whole grains to relieve pain is excessively high. These products contain a lot of magnesium, and this allows you to relieve muscle pain. In addition, these products help relieve headaches, as they protect the body from dehydration.

Mustard. Mustard is able to reduce headaches that arose from overwork or other causes. It is enough to eat a piece of bread spread with fresh mustard.

Cherry. It is very easy to eliminate a headache by eating a few ripe cherries.

Garlic. This is another stinging product that can relieve pain, in addition, this applies to pain resulting from various inflammations.

Citrus. These fruits have painkillers, just like other foods containing vitamin C. Citrus fruits relieve pain from various causes. In addition, these fruits act as a general tonic. Therefore, it is the first product to be transferred to patients in the hospital.

Cinnamon. Another important remedy used in the fight against various inflammations and pains. Cinnamon reduces the negative effects of uric acid, the high content of which can trigger the development of many diseases, including arthritis.

It is important for a modern person to be able to concisely and clearly express an opinion. After all, it is difficult to assess the genius of an idea if its creator is not able to correctly state the essence in words, to convey the main idea to the opponent. This is important for representatives of those professions whose work is connected with people.

A well-delivered speech helps to make a positive impression on the interlocutor.

Oratory is easier to master if you divide the task into two stages. The first is devoted to the question of how to learn how to express your thoughts correctly. The second is how to speak competently, speaking in simple language.

• Vocabulary expansion. Books will help to formulate the essence of a conversation or a separate sentence, first mentally, and then verbally tell. Classical fiction, scientific and journalistic literature will not only replenish your vocabulary, but also broaden your horizons.
• Memory training. Very often in a conversation, the interlocutor fails to find the right word. A lot of options are spinning in my head, and the right one, unfortunately, is forgotten. Quatrains, combinations of numbers are suitable for memory training.
• The ability to focus on a specific thought. This is important in order to clearly and clearly reproduce the meaning. In this case, it is useful to ask yourself a few questions before the conversation - what (what will be discussed), where and when (details), why (the ultimate goal of the conversation).

When thoughts are in order, you should improve your oratory skills.

Concentration of attention

It is important for a speaker not only to be able to concentrate at the right moment, but also to be able to keep the attention of the audience until the end of the speech. How to arouse interest and capture the attention of the audience will tell the science of rhetoric.

To learn how to control your own attention, use a simple technique. At first, training can be done in silence, then complicate the process by doing the same in a crowded place or on the street. The art of concentration is honed through yoga.

The purpose of the technique is to learn to focus on a certain image, being in any conditions. For this you need:

• mentally pronounce a word, for example, a table;
• comprehend its meaning (why do you need a table where you can put it);
• visualize the image (clearly imagine the design of the table, its color, size, location in the room, other details).

During the exercise, distractions arise - extraneous sounds, the actions of people, etc. You need to keep your attention on the invented word for several minutes, periodically repeating it. First, it is recommended to train at home. Concentrating on the street or in a crowded place is much more difficult. However, having mastered this skill, a person will be able to freely formulate a thought, in the future - to clearly state the meaning, to speak competently and convincingly.

Components of a beautiful speech

Public speaking is considered successful if the speaker's speech has the following characteristics:

Working through each component separately, you should remember about self-confidence during a conversation.

Techniques for developing eloquence

Oratory and rhetoric help develop free speech skills. Confidently stand in front of the public and perform in front of a large audience of listeners are taught in acting classes. In practical classes, they work out diction, stage speech, intonation. If the concepts of oratory and acting are clear, then the meaning of rhetoric raises some questions.

Rhetoric is a scientific theory, the study of which allows you to master oratory. This philological discipline is mandatory studied by all actors, public figures and other professionals whose profession is related to public speaking. Rhetoric studies the influence exerted by the speech of the speaker on the opponent.

You can improve diction on your own with the help of tongue twisters and special speech therapy gymnastics. Tongue twisters are first spoken slowly, syllable by syllable, gradually increasing the tempo and adding intonation. In addition to diction, it trains memory. Charging for working out the speech apparatus consists of simple exercises:

• Touch the tip of the tongue alternately to the sky, reach the base of the tongue, to the inside of each cheek.
• Sing all the vowel sounds, stretching your lips.
• Extend hissing consonants, the sound "r".

What will help to speak correctly and beautifully

The ability to express thoughts correctly and intelligibly can be developed by taking a course in public speaking. After listening to a few lectures, you can learn how to learn eloquence. Self-development skills will help:

• Recording your own speech on a voice recorder. When listening, you can make an objective assessment of the oratory, take into account shortcomings, correct errors.
• Games using various words, descriptions (selection of synonyms, characteristics of objects);
• structuring speech. When speaking or in a normal conversation, you should highlight the main points, clearly and clearly formulate secondary information, and omit unnecessary details.
• Increase in active vocabulary. Every day you need to select 2-3 words that are rarely used in everyday speech, and actively use them in conversation.
• Control over gestures and facial expressions. The inability to correctly formulate a thought leads to excessive gestures and facial expressions during a conversation. It is necessary to get rid of this bad habit, which distracts from the main idea, irritates the opponent. Developed facial expressions help to speak more convincingly in front of an audience. It is useful to hone the art of speech in front of a mirror.
• Self confidence. It is important to learn to control your own emotions, to cope with the excitement that arises before public speaking. Only a speaker who is confident in himself can speak convincingly.

It is important to state your point of view in such a way that it is clear to the opponent what is at stake. Therefore, it is better to speak in simple language, without using complex speech turns and scientific terms.

Correct, competent speech is the basis of mutual understanding and the main tool for the exchange of information between people, which is used in professional activities and in everyday communication. The skills of oral presentation of ideas and concise transmission of meaning are important for representatives of professions related to the service sector, trade and other areas.

You can learn about what orthoepy is from dictionaries and reference books of the literary language. All languages ​​of the world have certain lexical norms, which are an example of the correct use of words.

Science of orthoepy

Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which considers the laws of the correct spelling of words. The term "orthoepy" includes two Greek words: orthos - "right", "correctly", "straight" (direction) and epos - "speech", "talk". Therefore, the question of what orthoepy is can be answered directly translated from Greek: correct pronunciation.

Orthoepy rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech and significantly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Adhering to the rules of pronunciation of words is just as important as adhering to the rules of spelling. Orthoepy will tell the correct pronunciation of a particular lexical unit. The rules of this science allow you to determine how to pronounce a particular word, and the scope of its lexical application. Indeed, in a world where oral speech is a means of wide communication, it must be impeccable, from the point of view of the rules of orthoepy.

History of Russian orthoepy

Russian orthoepy developed already in the middle of the 17th century. Then the rules for the pronunciation of certain words were approved, the norms for constructing phrases and sentences were laid down. Moscow became the center of the new literary language. On the basis of northern Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as the basis of the lexical norm. The science of how to pronounce this or that word correctly went from Moscow to the remote hinterlands of Russia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the new capital of Russia, the city of St. Petersburg, became the center of the political and cultural life of the country. Gradually, the norms of pronunciation changed, among the intelligentsia, a clear, letter-by-letter pronunciation of words became the rule. But among the general population, the Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.

Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, the norm of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of colloquial speech.

stress

About what orthoepy is, you can consider the rules for placing stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it might seem. In French speech, in the vast majority of cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is mobile, it can fall on an arbitrary syllable, change its location depending on the gender and case of the given word. For example, a city, but a city, a train, but trains, will be accepted, but accepted.

Sometimes incorrect pronunciation is so ingrained in colloquial speech that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calls instead of calls, contract, instead of the correct contract. The orthoepy of the word insists on: catalog, obituary, quarter instead of well-established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes surprise helps to correct the stress. For example, in the mid-1950s, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. The widely popular song "Hymn of Democratic Youth" helped to correct the mistake. The song was created by the composer Novikov to the verses of the poet Oshanin. In the chorus of the anthem were the words: "Young people sing this song." The widespread “youth” did not fit into either the rhythm or the text of this piece of music, so the incorrect pronunciation of the popular word was replaced by the correct one.

Transcription

The spoken word can be recorded using transcription. This is the name of the recording of audible words and sounds of the language. In transcription, along with ordinary letters, special ones are also used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, something between “a” and “e”. This sound is not used in Russian speech, but is often found in the study of languages ​​of the Germanic branch.

Currently, special dictionaries will help to put the correct stress in the word.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

To explain what orthoepy is, you can use the example of the pronunciation of vowels in the words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in Russian is reduction - the weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word "box" only the third sound "o" is clearly heard, and the first one is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.

If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words “fire”, “window”, “glasses”, [a] is clearly worn out in the first case. The stressed [o] does not change its meaning: the words "cloud", "island", "very" are pronounced with a pronounced [o] at the beginning.

The sound of some consonants

The existing rules of orthoepy say that voiced consonants at the end of spoken words sound like paired deaf ones. For example, the word "oak" is pronounced as [dup], "eye" - [voice], "tooth" - [zup], and so on.

The consonant phrases "zzh" and "zhzh" are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write I'm coming, we pronounce [I'm coming], rattling - [rattling] and so on.

The exact pronunciation of a particular word can be found in special spelling dictionaries.

For example, Avanesov presented a fairly serious work on orthoepy. The deeply elaborated editions of linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others are interesting. Orthoepic dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special sections of libraries.

We live in a strange time. On the one hand, we are told that in various fields professionalism is valued first of all, and not how you dress, how you speak and how you present yourself. On the other hand, one has to face the opposite everywhere: a person is judged not by what he is, but by what he seems to be. Therefore, when applying for a job, a beautifully speaking candidate with dubious professional data has more chances than a real master of his craft who cannot speak. So it is very useful for any person, regardless of his type of activity. Even if his profession is not related to public speaking.

The ability to convince

As for public activity, correct and beautiful speech is a guarantee of spectacular performance. Speech errors betray either a not very educated and incompetent person, or an insecure speaker; one would hardly want to trust such an unfortunate orator. It turns out that knowledge of orthoepy is not just an indicator of “general literacy”, but also a profitable thing - with its help you can convince the public of anything.

Political technologists who prepare politicians for speeches and candidates for election campaigns pay a lot of attention to the speeches of their “wards”. Largely thanks to a good speech, our current "political elite" came to power and holds it securely, despite dubious professional and moral qualities and education.

It is possible that the overthrow of Yanukovych took place thanks to his illiterate speech. In fact, the total illiteracy of the Ukrainian "president in law" in both Russian and Ukrainian was known throughout the country and beyond. Jokes were made about her; and the fact that Yanukovych was officially recognized as the most prolific and highly paid Ukrainian writer, his “works” were published in large editions, seemed like a blatant misunderstanding. Yanukovych's ability to speak is not high, because since childhood, his school and university was the famous Pivnovka organized criminal group, in which he "improved as a person." If he had mastered (at worst, worked on spelling and orthoepy), he would certainly have been more likely to remain in power. The illiterate leader of the country did not suit even those who were loyal to the regime and benefited from it: Yanukovych spoiled the image of his country and party, with his speech he exposed the whole essence of the Ukrainian (as, in general, Russian) political system, therefore, in his The post looked unconvincing.

We see the consequences of illiterate speech. All the more important is skill in areas far from “state affairs”.

Correct speech and the unity of the people

Language is part of the mentality of this or that people, it keeps the thoughts and images that the people have lived for centuries. Demonstrating the ability to speak his own language, he shows that he does not move away from his listeners and fellow citizens in general. Correct speech removes social, professional and other barriers that divide society. In fact, the general public will not understand a specialist speaking in professional jargon, and may even be embarrassed - after all, the interlocutor made the listeners look like idiots incapable of understanding “simple things”.

Thus, the literary language is the universal language of the country, which is used (in any case, should be used) by citizens of all ages, professions, social groups and other categories for mutual understanding.

Does jargon spoil speech?

Conservative researchers disapprove of slang words, believing that they only spoil the speaker's speech. However, the concept of "beauty" in this case is purely subjective; moreover, "literary" language can often be insufficiently expressive, have units and constructions that are outdated or irrelevant for a given situation. So such a formally correct speech will in fact turn out to be ugly, inept and ugly. Such pedantry in speech is characteristic of people who are hypocritical or have inflated conceit.

Some types of jargon in our time are fully or partially understandable to the bulk of Russian citizens. These are youth slang, thieves “fenya”, a number of professional words from the speech of programmers, etc. This became possible thanks to modern culture, which is characterized by the availability of high technologies, the “camp” mentality that developed back in Soviet times and the rapid development of pop culture. Of course, you should not oversaturate your speech with elements of these jargons, but you won’t be able to completely abandon them - without them it is impossible to clearly and intelligibly express a thought, in addition, they make it possible to make speech more vivid.

Who makes the rules?

Not so long ago, society was vigorously discussing the decision of our politicians - to legalize the middle gender of the word "coffee" in parallel with the masculine one. Some took this government decree with hostility, others approved it - they say, it's high time; there are also those who would approve the decree if it came from venerable Russian scholars, and not from cynical and illiterate politicians.

And here a reasonable question arises: who, in fact, composes all these rules? Why is it correct to say "kilogram of tomatoes" and "kilogram tomato" is wrong? The answer: “Because that’s how they teach at school” is incorrect: over time, standards and orthoepies change, which is easy to observe by opening some book, say, of the 50s. The famous 1953 edition of The Book of Tasty and Healthy Food says about the refrigerator that it is a household appliance that "works with electricity"; in our time, such a turn of phrase is considered a gross mistake, and native speakers are perceived as wild ignorance. The modern reader frowns at the words "diet", "diet products". If you dig, you can find many more obsolete spellings and speech turns in this book.

Of course, scientists do not invent any rules. Science, as always, acts only as an outside observer of the processes taking place in society. The language changes constantly and endlessly, and the “author” of the new rules is the people themselves. To be more precise, the speech of the “exemplary” part of the population is taken as the basis for the correct pronunciation; new rules are fixed in the works of "big" literature and journalism, the authors of which serve this part of the population. The rest of the population adapts to this group in order to get a profession, income, join scientific and cultural achievements, etc. Before the revolution, the nobility was the “exemplary” social group, it built the language norms. In Soviet times, this position was supposed to be occupied by skilled workers, peasants and free intellectuals, but the party nomenklatura acted as a de facto shaper of the language code. The post-Soviet years are a very difficult period for the Russian language, since the social structure of society is radically changing, and the language itself perceives another wave of foreign and internal (from jargons, vernacular, etc.) borrowings. The attention of society, including the new criminal and political "elite", to their own language is very low; but on the other hand, the need for mutual understanding and a developed language remained, as a result of which changes occur in vocabulary, pronunciation, and sometimes in the most stable layers of the language. Society creates new, more convenient forms of oral and, and science can only fix them. Of course, a constant revision of the rules would not make sense, in which case the language as a system would cease to exist.

We can say that in recent years, the mass media have been the shapers of new rules and norms. Literature, even modern and commercial, is still in limited demand, but television, newspapers and especially Internet sites are viewed by almost all citizens of the country.

Returning to the legalized middle gender of the word "coffee", it should be noted that this is certainly not the only innovation in. Studying the Runet space, we can assume what new regulations await us in the future. For example, the erroneous, but incredibly popular phrase "kilogram tomato" can be one of the first to be legalized, because a significant proportion of the population, including the economically active, does not know the correct variant - "tomatoes".

Calling or calling?

The examples below just illustrate how the rules of the Russian language (in this case, the placement of stress in verbs) are fickle and mobile.

In our time, most often you can hear the option “ringing”. However, all dictionaries and textbooks strongly urge to say "ringing". Where did the wrong form come from? The tradition of stressing the first syllable has been in the spoken language for about a hundred years; and according to the rules of the early twentieth century, the stress in this word was just that.

A similar situation with the word "turns on/turns on". The main dictionaries consider the second option to be normative, but about a year ago the Great Orthoepic Dictionary introduced the first option as acceptable, which caused a storm of disapproving emotions among the educated public. The compilers of the dictionary justified themselves: “What to do? If people say so, then it must be recorded.” An absolutely correct point of view for scientists is not to establish rules based on some kind of “tradition”, but to fix the phenomenon of a living language.

In general, since the time of A. S. Pushkin, there has been a slow tendency to transfer stress in such verbs from the ending to the stem. Simply put, there was a time when they said “smoking”, “cooking”, “poit”; many examples of this can be found in the works of Russian poets. The transfer of stress occurred gradually, and dictionaries fixed and legitimized more and more new forms - first with the mark "colloquial", and then without it.

A witness of the "transitional" stage is the cartoon "Plasticine Crow", in which the characters could not understand whether "The gift will be given immediately" or "will be given". There is confusion in this word even in our time, since different dictionaries consider the first option, then the second, to be correct.

For the word “rust”, “Dictionary of exemplary Russian stress” by M. A. Shtudiner considers only the stress on the second syllable to be correct, but the already mentioned Large Orthoepic Dictionary allows stress on both the first and second syllables.

Carlson in the Soviet cartoon makes a mistake when he says: "And here we are playing with buns." However, the Great Orthoepic Dictionary in our time considers this option acceptable, but still declares “to indulge” as a priority.

“We waited”, “gathered” and other similar options are considered by the main dictionaries to be a gross mistake: they just “waited”, etc. But more recently, the Great Orthoepic Dictionary legalized this option as acceptable.

“Lighten”, “deepen”: the wrong emphasis in these words became popular thanks to the speeches of Mikhail Gorbachev. Some even use them, but most often these options appear in an ironic context (for example, in jokes); dictionaries are still unwilling to record Gorbachev's "innovation" as a permitted option.

"Dancer", "dancer": Ushakov's dictionary considers such an accent acceptable in colloquial speech, but in literary the correct version is still on the second syllable. Other dictionaries consider only the second syllable correct. The "wrong" accent can be heard in Rosenbaum's song "Boston Waltz".

How to say?

However, many pronunciation rules are rigid and unambiguous. "Torty" - so and only so. And when declining, this word also has an accent on the first syllable. The same applies to the words "bow", "port" and others. But here "bridges", "bridges" - here the rule is different. Perhaps the wrong stress in the above words in colloquial speech appeared as a result of the analogy with "bridges".

"More beautiful"- another word that does not tolerate another stress. However, many people are used to saying "beautiful".

"Beet"- stress on the first syllable. The colloquial version "beet" may have come from the South Russian dialect.

"Catalog", "obituary". The incorrect variant "catalog" may have appeared under the influence of "analogue". And the "obituary" - as a result of rapprochement with the "biolog".

"Agreement"- the only way. Employees of "authorities" have long been accustomed to saying "agreement", but all dictionaries consider this option to be incorrect. It's the same with "means" - dictionaries insistently require only "means".

"Blinds". The word is French in origin and indeclinable, translated means "jealousy" (their inventor made them so that passers-by men could not admire the beauty of his wife while he was at work). Where the clumsy version of the "blinds" came from is not clear.

"Stolyar". However, even in Soviet poetry, “carpenter” was often encountered.

"Shoe". Famous line from the movie: “Whose shoe? - My!" - ironically shows illiterate speech.

"Quarter". The popular "quarter" is considered incorrect by dictionaries.

Option "marketing" Today, many consider it common. But most dictionaries prescribe only "marketing", as in the source language - English.

"College"- a word that came from English, in which the first syllable is stressed in most words. Its French counterpart is "college"; in French, the stress always falls on the last syllable, and not words, but phrases.

Soups, sauces. Cooks, sellers in grocery stores often say "soup", "sauce"; some even make excuses, calling it professional jargon (as well as the “contract” with the police). However, literary speech requires only the first option.

How to learn to speak correctly and beautifully?

Here are some tips for those who want to improve their speech.