The state of dysbacteriosis in a particular area of ​​the body is familiar to almost everyone. However, not every person is well aware of what dysbacteriosis is. Under this concept, modern medicine most often understands not a specific disease, but a consequence of some third-party factor, including a disease, as a result of which the balance of microorganisms in the intestine is disturbed.

Description

A certain set of groups of bacteria is present throughout the human body. By the way, these are not always harmful bacteria. At the same time, for each specific place, whether it be the oral cavity, intestines, throat or vagina, this set of microorganisms is different. Moreover, for each person, these combinations are often individual. Doctors call this optimal set of bacteria eubiosis, less often intestinal biocenosis, and a violation of its composition, quantity or properties - dysbacteriosis. We will understand a specific form of dysbacteriosis - a violation of the composition of the intestinal microflora, leading to a decrease in the number of beneficial bacteria that live on the intestinal walls.

Dysbacteriosis is a condition or disease (the discussion about the relevance of the latter term in this case has not been closed yet), which manifests itself with a fairly standard list of symptoms, depending on the complexity of the course. At the same time, the causes of this pathology of the gastrointestinal tract can radically differ from each other in various cases. Unfortunately, people are far from always well aware of intestinal dysbacteriosis, symptoms, and treatment of this disease in adults.

Causes of dysbacteriosis

A banal change in diet, a change in the chemical composition of water consumed, climate change, stress, diet can lead to changes in the number of pathogenic microbes and manifestations of an imbalance in the intestinal flora. More serious conditions can also lead to this: food poisoning, indigestion due to dietary errors, the use of antibiotics or diseases of the intestinal tract. And the main thing in all this is that in order to get rid of the clinical symptoms of a violation of the microflora in the intestine, first of all, you need to get rid of the prerequisites for the occurrence of such a condition.

Dysbacteriosis, symptoms

Signs of intestinal dysbacteriosis are quite diverse and largely depend on the stage at which the development of the disease is. Dysbacteriosis of the large intestine is divided into four stages according to the complexity of microflora changes. Symptoms in adults for each stage have their own characteristics. Consider them for clarity in the form of a table:

Stage Symptoms of dysbacteriosis Solutions and possible consequences
First stage At this stage of dysbiosis, symptoms are practically not observed. Possible manifestation of non-systemic rumbling in the abdomen. Dysbacteriosis of the large intestine of the first stage occurs by changing the mode of eating or the type of water consumed. Elimination of the cause leads to self-normalization of the microflora.
Second stage In the second stage of dysbacteriosis, symptoms include constipation or diarrhea, decreased appetite, bad taste in the mouth, nausea, and vomiting. When the intestinal microflora is disturbed, such symptoms occur due to a significant change in the composition of microbes, which is provoked by antibiotics or mild food poisoning.
Third stage There are pains in the intestines, intestinal absorption is disturbed and undigested food comes out with feces, the symptoms characteristic of dysbacteriosis of the second stage intensify. Intestinal dysbacteriosis at this stage leads to the development of inflammation of the mucous membranes of the intestinal walls, disorders of intestinal motility and the digestive process. Medical intervention is required to avoid serious consequences.
Fourth stage Symptoms of dysbacteriosis of the fourth stage include signs characteristic of the previous stages. In addition, insomnia, apathy, and depression increase. With an almost complete change in the composition of the intestinal microflora, anemia and vitamin deficiency develop. If qualified treatment is not carried out, then intestinal dysbacteriosis of the fourth stage can lead not only to digestive disorders, but also to serious infectious diseases.

Classification of dysbacteriosis according to the content of microorganisms in feces

In addition, there is another classification of the complexity of the disease, based not on the symptoms of the development of dysbacteriosis, but on the indications of laboratory studies of feces in violation of the microflora. For adults, it is divided into two groups. For clarity, we also present it in the form of a table:

Age Stage Laboratory indicators
Up to 50 years old 1 stage Underestimated to 10 5 -10 6 or overestimated to 10 9 -10 10 indicator of typical Escherichia, underestimated to 10 5 -10 6 indicator of lactobacilli and underestimated to 10 6 -10 7 indicator of bifidobacteria.
2 stage Overestimated to 10 5 -10 7 indicator of opportunistic bacteria, underestimated to 10 7 indicator of bifidobacteria and up to 10 5 lactobacilli.
3 stage The indicator of opportunistic microorganisms exceeds 10 7 , the indicator of lactobacilli is reduced to 10 5 , bifidobacteria - to 10 7 .
After 50 years 1 stage The indicator of typical Escherichia went beyond 10 5 -10 10 , the indicator of lactobacilli decreased to 10 4 -10 5 , bifidobacteria - to 10 6 -10 7 .
2 stage The increase in the indicator of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms rises to 10 5 -10 7 , the indicator of lactobacilli decreases to 10 4 , bifidobacteria - up to 10 6 .
3 stage The indicator of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms exceeds 10 6 -10 7 , the indicator of lactobacilli is reduced to 10 4 , bifidobacteria - to 10 6 .

Visual analysis of feces in violation of the intestinal microflora

Also, with dysbacteriosis, serious attention is paid to the nature of the pathology of the intestinal tract, which is quite simply determined by the type and color of feces, as well as by the state of the stool.

Stools with a yellowish tint indicate a large amount of undigested fiber in the feces and excess starch. Treatment of this condition must be carried out by changing the diet. Protein food (boiled meat, eggs, cottage cheese) is recommended, which should be replaced with raw vegetables, carbohydrates and milk.

Very dark stools with a strong stench show the presence of an alkaline reaction in the intestines, as well as undigested fibrous food. In this case, meat and fats should be excluded from the diet, replacing calorie intake with boiled vegetables and sour-milk products.

Intestinal dysbacteriosis, which is accompanied by diarrhea, must be eliminated by a diet based on "soft" food. Dishes in the diet should not be either hot or cold; food, if possible, should be boiled and mashed.

Sometimes a violation of the intestinal flora is manifested by constipation. With a similar variant of bowel disease, treatment involves the inclusion in the diet of foods with a lot of fiber: apples, cabbage, carrots, apricots. Such a diet should lead to an increase in the content of beneficial flora in the intestines.

Treatment of intestinal dysbiosis in adults

If there are signs clearly indicating a violation of the balance of microflora, it is recommended to consult a doctor. Only a qualified specialist knows everything about intestinal dysbacteriosis, symptoms, treatment of this disease in adults.

Treatment of dysbacteriosis in adults primarily involves the elimination of the causes of its occurrence. This means that it is unreasonable to treat one dysbacteriosis, it is necessary to treat the disease that led to it. If the cause of the condition was the intake of antibacterial drugs, it is necessary to complete the course of antibiotic therapy, and if the diet is wrong, return to the original state of your diet. But in most cases, treatment is also required to relieve the symptoms characteristic of violations of the composition of the microflora, and to restore it. For these purposes, modern medicine recommends three types of treatment:

  • diet,
  • probiotic therapy,
  • prebiotic therapy.

Diet for dysbacteriosis

Treatment of imbalances in the intestinal microflora, especially in the initial stages, primarily involves a special diet. In most cases, it is able to completely eliminate the problem. Above, we have already considered options for changing the diet to normalize the stool, but now we will consider a number of other nutritional rules for this condition.

The diet should be as balanced as possible. It should contain sufficient amounts of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, as well as liquid. Doctors recommend drinking a glass of warm water half an hour before meals. In addition, the diet should include five meals, albeit with smaller portions, as well as reducing intestinal stress.

It is important that the following substances are present in the products used:

  • bifido- and lactobacilli, which are saturated with fermented milk products and natural butter;
  • pectins and dietary fiber contained in sufficient quantities in cabbage, carrots, beets and seaweed;
  • amino acids glutamine and arginine, the sources of which are chicken, beef, dairy products, fish, parsley, spinach, nuts, pumpkin seeds, wheat flour, peas.

Analyzing the above list of products, we can conclude that a diet for a disease is not a list of restrictions at all, but a tasty, healthy and balanced diet. The main thing is not to overeat, not to abuse “heavy” foods, and also to avoid eating fried, spicy and other, not the most healthy dishes during this period.

Treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis in adults, prebiotics and probiotics

For the treatment of dysbacteriosis, prebiotic and probiotic preparations are used, which, according to assurances, do an excellent job of restoring the disturbed microflora of the intestinal tract and relieve the symptoms inherent in dysbacteriosis. Despite the similarity of names, at their core, prebiotics and probiotics are radically different drugs, and it is worth understanding what they are in more detail.

Prebiotics are substances that, when they enter the intestines, have a positive effect on the growth and activity of the beneficial microflora present there. Prebiotics are not absorbed by the organs of the gastrointestinal tract and, in very simple terms, they are food for our beneficial microflora.

Among the pharmaceutical forms of prebiotics, Lactulose, Laktitol, Hilak Forte are most often prescribed. These are only the main names of drugs, since there are dozens of their commercial names.

In addition, there are natural products that are prebiotics. Among them are dairy products, onions and garlic, cereals.

Now about probiotics. These drugs are a set of microorganisms necessary for the human body, which, when they enter the intestine in sufficient quantities, have a positive effect on the state of the microflora. However, their use is a rather controversial issue.

The fact is that the direct introduction of microorganisms in the form of probiotics has many conventions. Some microorganisms are needed in such quantities that it is difficult to obtain them from the outside, while others are simply unrealistic to introduce in a living form. And there is not so much laboratory evidence of a real benefit from the use of probiotics.

Of the probiotics, the positive effect of which is confirmed by research, and which are effective for symptoms of moderate dysbacteriosis, in pharmacies you can find lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (Linex, Bifiform, Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin), Saccharomycetes Boulardii, enterococci.

Treatment of severe dysbacteriosis

How to treat dysbacteriosis in severe forms? This requires more complex pharmaceutical preparations, which are divided into three conditional groups.

The first of these is antibacterial agents. They act on a certain type of conditionally pathogenic flora, stopping its growth and spread. Antibacterial drugs (intestinal antiseptics) are prescribed depending on the microorganism that caused the violation of the microflora.

It is also possible to treat dysbacteriosis with the help of bacteriophages. The principle of their action is similar to the principle of action of antibiotics. Bacteriophages are special viruses that suppress certain types of microorganisms. Like antibacterial drugs, bacteriophages are divided into groups according to the type of bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus, and so on.

And finally, you need to consider pharmaceutical drugs that are additionally prescribed and that eliminate the symptoms of the disease and its possible consequences.

Immunomodulators are means for improving the protective properties of the body, the use of which, in case of violation of the intestinal microflora, has a positive effect on the process of its recovery. The use of immunomodulators should take place exclusively as directed by a doctor, and preference should be given to plant-based products: tinctures of echinacea and magnolia vine, Propolis, Dibazol.

Antihistamines. They are used to avoid the occurrence of allergic reactions that can develop against the background of the disease. The simplest of them are Cetrin, Zirtek and Claritin, which are prescribed in most cases.

Antispasmodics are drugs, the use of which is often necessary for dysbacteriosis in the event that diarrhea is observed. The most popular antispasmodic is drotaverine (No-Shpa), and Loperamide is recommended specifically for diarrhea. If constipation is observed, then special candles, liquid paraffin, Forlax are used to eliminate them.

Prevention of dysbacteriosis

Bacteria are quite tenacious creatures, and it is not so easy to bring the body to such a state that beneficial microorganisms will not settle in it (in the absence of any other diseases). To avoid the disease, you just need to follow a healthy lifestyle and adhere to a correct, balanced diet, do not abuse the "cleansing" of the body and the gastrointestinal tract. Also, do not get carried away with antibacterial drugs. This type of treatment should only be carried out if antibiotics are prescribed by a doctor.

Dysbacteriosis in modern medicine

We have already noted at the beginning that dysbacteriosis as a separate disease is classified only on the territory of the former Soviet Union. Western medicine designates it solely as a condition provoked by certain prerequisites.

Discussions about the correctness of this or that designation for ordinary people are unlikely to make sense, but nevertheless we will designate a number of interesting facts.

In the International Classification of Diseases (an official document of the World Health Organization), the diagnosis of "dysbacteriosis" does not exist. The most similar diagnosis to it is SIBO (excessive bacterial growth syndrome). It is set when more than 105 microorganisms are detected in a milliliter of aspirate taken from the small intestine.

Western medicine is quite skeptical about the analysis of feces to study the composition of the microflora. According to doctors, such a study does not allow drawing any conclusions, since the concept of “normal flora” is very vague and purely individual for each person.

On the territory of the former USSR, however, such a concept as intestinal dysbacteriosis is very popular. Symptoms, treatment of this disease - all this is a popular topic for discussion, both among specialists and among patients. However, do not forget that this term is very actively distributed by drug manufacturers. Whether this is justified, or whether only commercial benefits are hidden under this promotion, it is difficult to judge.

Many doctors are very skeptical about the treatment of microflora disorders with the help of probiotics and bacteriophages. In their opinion, microorganisms obtained from outside have practically no chance to take root in the intestines, and bacteriophages are digested in the stomach and do not bring any benefit attributed to them.

So the only true conclusion about dysbacteriosis is the most controversial disease in modern medicine. But the symptoms, like the causes, are quite specific. There is no doubt that it is necessary to deal with its treatment, and modern methods of therapy make it possible to do this with high efficiency.

Violation of the normal microflora of the human intestine is called intestinal dysbacteriosis. This disease is a decrease in the number (or almost complete absence) of beneficial lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, and the growth of harmful bacteria. There are quite a few symptoms of intestinal dysbacteriosis in adults, as well as methods for treating this disease.

With intestinal dysbiosis, otherwise it is called dysbiosis, the balance (eubiosis, eubacteriosis) of beneficial and conditionally pathogenic (bad) microorganisms (microbes) in the intestine is disturbed. Dysbacteriosis (microbiocenosis) can be both an independent disease and accompany chronic gastritis, ulcers and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Normally, about 500 species of different microorganisms (2-3 kg) are present in the body of an adult. About 60% of all these microorganisms live in the digestive tract. These microorganisms are involved in the digestion of food, help synthesize vitamins, and remove toxins from the body. The main bacteria present in the intestinal flora are lactobacilli and bifidobacteria.

Three types of bacteria are involved in the digestion of food:

  • . They help maintain the balance of other bacteria (including harmful ones), prevent the development of allergic reactions, weakening of the immune system and other negative effects on the body;
  • neutral. They are located in a certain place, do neither harm nor benefit;
  • harmful - streptococcus, staphylococcus, candida fungus. These bacteria are provocateurs of various diseases and malfunctions in the digestive tract.

You should know that officially there is no such disease, and what we call dysbacteriosis is actually a functional disorder. As a rule, dysbacteriosis is a sign of another disease of the digestive tract.

Causes of the disease

There are quite a few reasons for the appearance of dysbacteriosis in adult men or women. In some, it occurs due to pathologies in the intestines (congenital or acquired), in others it is caused by complications after illnesses.


In most cases, dysbacteriosis develops after prolonged antibiotic treatment. In the process of taking them, damage to the intestinal epithelium and the transformation of the composition of the microflora occur. The negative consequences of the uncontrolled use of antibiotics is the emergence of strains of bacteria that will be more resistant to the prescribed treatment.

Sometimes the reasons for the development of dysbacteriosis are seasonal changes in nutrition or the costs of the profession, then almost completely healthy people can suffer from the disease.

In women, the appearance of such a disease is often due to a strong desire to lose weight, which is why they use various means for weight loss, uncontrolled use of laxative pills, the use of various methods for cleansing the body (permanent enemas) and diets, which disrupts the proper functioning of the gastrointestinal tract and can provoke problems in gynecology.

Types of dysbacteriosis

Dysbacteriosis in healthy people is divided into several types depending on the cause of its occurrence:

  • professional (violations in the body occur due to the characteristics of professional activity);
  • age (microflora is disturbed due to the physical aging of the body);
  • nutritional (due to unhealthy eating);
  • seasonal (changes occur depending on the season, usually in cold weather).

There is a division of the disease according to its severity:

  • light form;
  • moderate form;
  • severe form.

According to the course of the disease:

  • acute form (up to 30 days);
  • protracted (less than 4 months), also divided into: with clinical manifestations (continuous or recurrent course of the disease) and without clinical manifestations;
  • chronic (more than 4 months), is also subdivided as a protracted form.

Dysbacteriosis occurs in the small intestine and large intestine. With dysbacteriosis of the small intestine, the work of the gastrointestinal tract is disturbed, severe pain in the navel may appear. With dysbacteriosis of the large intestine, the microflora is disturbed immediately in the stomach, intestines and duodenum. The disease is prolonged, takes a severe form and disrupts a normal lifestyle.

Stages of dysbacteriosis

There are the following stages of the disease, during which there is a gradual disruption of the digestive tract:

Stage of the diseaseSymptoms of the disease
1 At grade 1, the protective endogenous flora of bifido- and lactoflora does not suffer, there are no clinical signs of the disease. This stage is common for the latent phase of the course of the disease.
2 During the second stage, the number of beneficial microorganisms decreases to a critical degree. The development of pathogenic microflora is rapid. The first signs of dysbacteriosis appear, indicating malfunctions in the intestines.
3 With the third degree of microbiological disorders, the inflammatory process destroys the intestinal walls, aggravating chronic indigestion. This stage of the disease needs serious treatment not only with diet, but also with medications.
4 At this stage, harmful microorganisms almost crowd out beneficial ones, which leads to the appearance of intestinal diseases that are dangerous not only for health, but also for the life of the patient.

It is possible to distinguish forms of dysbacteriosis according to the type of course of the disease:

  • Latent (compensated) - a latent course, it does not lead to changes in a person's condition;
  • Subcompensated - the first symptoms of intestinal failure appear due to local inflammatory phenomena.
  • Decompensated - there is a drop in the body's resistance, pathological processes cover the large and small intestines.

Signs of dysbacteriosis in adults

The clinical picture of the disease also depends on the severity of the pathology in the intestine.

The main symptoms of dysbacteriosis are:

  • the feces change in consistency and composition - it becomes semi-liquid and has a greenish color, it can foam, have a sharp (putrefactive) smell, possibly a burning sensation or itching in the anus;
  • there may be bloating, stomach pain, increased gas formation (flatulence);
  • there is a feeling of fullness in the intestines;
  • rotten taste in the mouth, belching, whitish coating on the tongue;
  • feeling of incomplete bowel movement;
  • feeling of discomfort in the abdomen, rumbling;
  • sudden weight loss. This is due to insufficient digestion of food;
  • constant nausea and headache;
  • general malaise and weakness.


Also, all these symptoms, as a rule, are accompanied by fever, there is a decrease in the antitumor, antiviral defense of the body, a decrease in local immunity, the synthesis of vitamins B12 and pantothenic acid decreases.

All signs of the onset of dysbacteriosis are individual, often the patient does not have any signs, except for loose stools (diarrhea) or constipation, it happens that the initial stage proceeds even without visible intestinal disorders (without diarrhea).

These symptoms of dysbacteriosis are permanent, but may appear from time to time, after eating certain foods. It is possible to suspect dysbacteriosis if the clinical manifestations include several signs at once at the same time with a duration of at least a week.

Diagnosis of the disease

To accurately diagnose and determine the methods of treatment, it is necessary to rely not only on the external manifestations of the disease. To make a diagnosis, the doctor collects an anamnesis and finds out the possible causes of microflora dysfunction. After that, a more detailed examination of the gastrointestinal tract is prescribed (in the chronic course of dysbacteriosis, an examination of the immune system is also prescribed).

The following instrumental and laboratory methods are used for the study:

  • microscopic examination of feces;
  • a scraping is done from the intestinal wall (colonoscopy) for further examination;
  • (including dysbacteriosis);
  • a blood test (to detect inflammation and occult bleeding in the intestine), this analysis also indicates anemia during an exacerbation;
  • Ultrasound of the abdominal cavity;
  • x-ray of the intestine using a contrast agent to detect pathologies - irrigoscopy;
  • fibroesophagogastroduodenoscopy. This method consists in examining the mucous membrane of the stomach, esophagus, duodenum 12 with an endoscope;
  • coprogram.

Since with dysbacteriosis symptoms are observed that look like signs of diseases such as colitis, enterocolitis, gastritis, inflammation of the small or large intestine, rectum, the task of the doctor is to make a differentiated diagnosis of these diseases.

Features of dysbacteriosis in pregnant women

Due to the fact that the fetus is in close connection with the mother, any violation of the functions of the body is transmitted to him, which negatively affects his development. Therefore, before pregnancy, attention should be paid to the prevention of dysbacteriosis, to undergo the necessary examinations. Otherwise, with dysbacteriosis in the process of bearing a fetus, problems may arise - a delay in the development of the fetus, since against the background of the disease, the flow of nutrients into the blood will decrease.

Therapy consists of a diet and taking special medications prescribed by a doctor. Breastfeeding a child gives him the opportunity to avoid dysbacteriosis in infancy and reduce the likelihood of its occurrence in adulthood.

How to treat dysbacteriosis in adults

The purpose of treatment depends on the cause of the disease. But therapy is always complex and includes a certain set of therapeutic measures:

  • getting rid of excess bacterial contamination of the small intestine;
  • normalization of the digestive process;
  • increased immunity;
  • elimination of imbalance in the composition of microorganisms in the colon.

You should also follow a strict diet that excludes foods that cause gas formation and contain coarse fiber.

Drug treatment is designed to eliminate the symptoms of dysbacteriosis, restore normal intestinal microflora and correct the immune status. The list of drugs in each case is prescribed by a doctor, more often according to an individual scheme.

Symptomatic therapy is based on the use of antispasmodics ("Drotaverine", "Papaverine", "No-shpa"), pharmacotherapy of diarrhea and constipation ("Loperamide"). Choleretic fees and enzyme preparations are sometimes prescribed ("Pancreatin", "Mezim").

In general, in complex therapy, the following groups of drugs are used to suppress pathogenic flora, the treatment of which takes place according to a certain scheme:

  • antibacterial agents. They are prescribed only for the established form of the disease. It is very important to take into account the susceptibility of the microorganism to antibiotics;
  • bacteriophages. These are viruses that are able to penetrate a bacterial cell and dissolve it (killing a harmful bacterium);
  • intestinal antiseptics. Apply fluoroquinolones ("Ofloxacin"), nitrofurans ("Furazolidone");
  • prebiotics. These are substances that contain live bacteria, they stimulate the development of healthy microflora and inhibit the development of pathogenic ones;
  • herbal antiseptics. They actively affect staphylococci. For this, an alcohol solution "Chlorophyllipt" diluted in water is used;
  • immunomodulators. They are used to enhance local and general immunity (echinacea tincture).
  • multivitamin complexes to compensate for the lack of vitamins ("Multi-tabs").

Probiotics contain microorganisms that have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora. For normal functioning of the intestine, it is necessary to populate it with beneficial bacteria.

All probiotics can be divided into several groups:

  • monocomponent. They include one of the types of bacteria - bifido-, lacto- or colibacilli ("Bifidumbacterin", "Lactobacterin");
  • polycomponent. They consist of a combination of several types of bacteria - coli-, bifidum- and lactobacilli ("Bifikol", "Lineks");
  • combined. The composition contains symbiotic communities of the main bacteria and strains that are resistant to many antibiotics ("Rioflora immuno");
  • synbiotics. These are combinations of pre- and probiotics, ready-made complex medicines (“Bifidobak”);
  • antagonists. Microorganisms that suppress the development of opportunistic flora are antidiarrheal drugs ("Enterol", "Bactisporin", "Bactisubtil").

Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that promote health by stimulating the growth of certain groups of bacteria that live in the colon. They contribute to the improvement of the metabolic activity of the natural microflora, but also inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria.

Effective prebiotics include indigestible disaccharides - lactulose ("Goodluck", "Lactusan" and others), lactitol ("Exportal"), lactic acids - "Hilak Forte". Prebiotics are also found in lactic acid products, corn flakes, artichoke, asparagus, bananas and some others.

Antibiotics ("Levomycetin") are prescribed in cases where an excess of pathogenic microflora causes an imbalance in absorption and leads to digestive disorders, as well as to combat the development of infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

In severe cases, antibiotics from the tetracycline series, penicillins, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones are prescribed. In milder situations, antimicrobial agents are prescribed to drink.

The course of treatment is no more than 7-10 days. After the end of taking antibiotics or antibacterial drugs, sorbents are prescribed (Enterosgel syrup).

In most cases, only prebiotics and probiotics are prescribed to fight dysbacteriosis: beneficial intestinal bacteria can independently adjust their work and defeat the pathogenic flora.

Folk methods of treatment

Traditional medicine, with the correct use of proven folk remedies, improves the condition and alleviates the symptoms of the disease. But folk methods are used only as an addition to the main treatment at home.

As folk methods of treatment are used:


Diet

It should be balanced, with the maximum amount of the necessary trace elements. The diet should contain more healthy foods, less semi-finished products and fast food products.

Completely excluded from the menu:

  • alcohol;
  • pickled, smoked, canned, fried foods;
  • fat meat;
  • fatty broths;
  • shortcrust pastry;
  • mushrooms, potatoes;
  • sugar.

In addition, it is desirable to avoid products that contribute to increased gas formation and fermentation:

  • porridge from semolina or rice;
  • baking, white bread;
  • milk;
  • grapes, sweet apples;
  • turnip;
  • carbonated drinks.

With the help of a properly selected diet, intestinal motility is normalized. How much to treat dysbacteriosis in this way is an individual question. With a tendency to disrupt the functioning of the digestive tract, compliance with the rules of proper nutrition will forever become your habit.

It is allowed to eat:

  • yesterday's bread, crackers from it;
  • soups on low-fat broths;
  • meat (lean) boiled, steamed or stewed;
  • fish (low-fat varieties) boiled, steamed, stewed;
  • vegetables (except cabbage, legumes and mushrooms) boiled, baked or steamed;
  • fruits and berries in the form of jelly, compote, puree or mousse;
  • low-fat dairy products;
  • butter (a little);
  • drinks without gas, except for fruit drinks, kvass, alcohol.

There is no special diet for each patient, it is quite enough to simply follow simple rules: do not eat unwashed fruits, stale foods, eat small portions every three hours, eat warm food, chew it thoroughly, drink plenty of water, but not in the process of eating.

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Causes of dysbacteriosis.

Aminoglycosides(gentamicin, kanamycin, monomycin and others) - sharply inhibit the growth of normal E. coli and enterococci.

Aminopenicillins(ampicillin, ampioks and others) - promote the growth of microbes of the genus Protey, streptococci, staphylococci, seeding (contamination syndrome) by them of the small intestine.

Fungicidal antibiotics(nystatin, levorin) lead to selective reproduction of lactose-negative Escherichia, Proteus.

5. Various fermentopathy with congenital or acquired defects in the functions of the intestinal mucosa: celiac disease, lactase deficiency(milk intolerance), trigalase deficiency (fungal intolerance), etc. As a result, a malabsorption syndrome develops, which also leads to persistent disturbances in the microbial composition of the intestine.

6. Chronic diseases and disorders of the functions of the digestive system, such as chronic cholecystitis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, intestinal diseases, gastritis, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, hypofunctional conditions (insufficient secretory functions of the stomach, pancreas, liver, various hypokinesias) lead to the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis. Arising as a syndrome of some disease, dysbacteriosis further aggravates its course and exacerbates the chronicity of the process.

7. Also, the cause of the development of dysbacteriosis are anatomical and physiological disorders of the gastrointestinal tract resulting from improper intrauterine formation of organs or surgical intervention. These include congenital malformations(megacolon, dolichosigma and others), multiple bowel diverticula, postoperative disorders (including postoperative adhesive process in the intestine, achlorhydria and motor disorders after vagotomy, pyloroplasty, antrectomy, gastrectomy (there is a loss of the barrier function of hydrochloric acid, which prevents excessive colonization of the digestive tract, food is evacuated to the intestine more quickly), the formation of structures, fistulas, resection of the ileocecal valve, jejunoileal shunt).

8. Immune status disorders - congenital and acquired immunodeficiencies (primary hypogammaglobulinemia, selective Ig A deficiency, etc.), autoimmune diseases (systemic scleroderma, vasculitis), allergic diseases , long-term use of immunosuppressants that affect the state of the macroorganism as a whole, affect the composition intestinal microflora.

9. Intestinal microbiocenosis is considered to be a SKOJ system that is sensitive to adverse changes in the environment surrounding the macroorganism, so the composition of the intestinal flora changes with changing climatic and geographical conditions , i.e., under new living conditions, for example, when entering the Arctic and Antarctic spaces, high mountains, space. ocean depths. Microbiological changes also occur with environmental violation conditioned by the construction of power plants, reservoirs, land reclamation, pollution of the biosphere by industrial waste, various chemicals ( solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, chromium compounds).

10. Important and ionizing radiation , leading to the activation of opportunistic microflora(some microorganisms that are normally present only in the intestinal cavity are introduced into its mucous membrane) and autoinfection, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant and hemolysin-producing enterobacteria, decrease in the number of bifido-, lactobacilli, colicinogenic strains of Escherichia. Microflora changes are secondary against the background of a decrease in immunity, but they say the effect on the course of radiation sickness and its outcome.

11. Even factors such as physical and mental stress with their long course, also may contribute to the disruption of intestinal microbiocenosis.

Despite various causes underlying dysbacteriosis, their development is characterized by a number of common features: an increase in the number of pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms with the acquisition of pathogenic properties and their colonization of the upper intestines against the background of a decrease in the content of microbes of lactic acid fermentation.

Dysbacterial (dysbiosis, dysbiotic) reactions should be distinguished from intestinal dysbacteriosis - short-term changes in the intestine that occur with a short-term adverse effect and spontaneously disappear without any special therapeutic measures after the elimination of the external factor after 3-5-10 days or more.

Based on the materials of the book “Dysbacteriosis and intestinal dysbiosis”, A.Yu. Baranovsky, E.A. Kondrashina, ed. house "Peter", 2002

Dysbacteriosis is a violation of the beneficial intestinal microflora, in which the number of beneficial lactobacteria and bifidobacteria decreases, and the number of harmful microorganisms increases. This disease occurs quite often in adults, but with greater frequency in newborns.

Also, as a result of a sociological survey, it was revealed that intestinal dysbacteriosis, the symptoms of which may be different, was diagnosed at least once in 90% of the adult population of Russia. Some doctors believe that this disease can be both independent and concomitant, for example, accompany a duodenal ulcer or chronic gastritis.

In this article, we will tell you everything about intestinal dysbacteriosis in adults: consider its causes, first symptoms, as well as modern methods of treating dysbacteriosis with the help of drugs.

Causes

What it is? There are many causes of intestinal dysbacteriosis in adults. In some, it appears due to some pathologies in the intestines (congenital or acquired), while in others, dysbacteriosis is caused by complications after a previous illness. In such situations, the number of bacteria living in the body increases. The overall balance is changing, and microorganisms find all the conditions for survival and further prosperity.

Nevertheless, dysbacteriosis most often develops after antibiotics. When taking drugs, damage to the intestinal epithelium and a change in the composition of the microflora occur. The consequence of uncontrolled consumption of antibiotics can be the emergence of strains of bacteria that are resistant to treatment.

Symptoms of intestinal dysbiosis in adults

The clinical picture depends on the severity of pathological processes in the intestine. The main symptoms of intestinal dysbiosis in adults include:

  • an unpleasant feeling of fullness in the intestines;
  • constant feeling of nausea and headache;
  • altered composition of the consistency of feces, which becomes semi-liquid with.

All these symptoms can also be accompanied by fever, this is not always the case, but, nevertheless, it occurs quite often. With dysbacteriosis, digestion suffers the most. Since the food in the intestines is first broken down by bacteria, and only then absorbed into the blood. Without the help of microorganisms, the body simply cannot absorb many nutrients; it perceives them as foreign and rejects them. Therefore, nausea, vomiting, loose stools appear.

With intestinal dysbacteriosis, four stages of violations of the bacterial composition of the intestine can be distinguished:

  1. A slight increase in the concentration of pathogenic flora and a decrease in the number of obligate bacteria. Symptoms are usually absent.
  2. Critical decrease in the concentration of beneficial microflora, the rapid growth of pathogenic flora. This stage often presents with symptoms such as diarrhea, constipation, and flatulence.
  3. Active reproduction of pathogens, inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.
  4. General depletion of the body, beriberi, obligate microflora is almost completely replaced by pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic fungi/bacteria.

Also, the following forms of dysbacteriosis can be distinguished downstream:

  1. Latent (compensated)- a latent course that does not lead to changes in the human condition.
  2. Subcompensated- the appearance of the first signs of disruption of the intestines due to local inflammatory phenomena.
  3. Decompensated- a drop in the body's resistance, covering the pathological processes of the large and small intestines.

The division into stages is very arbitrary, the disease is judged by its actual manifestations. The most characteristic symptoms of dysbacteriosis today are metabolic disorders, body heat supply, low energy supply of the colon epithelium, reduced synthesis of vitamins B12, pantothenic acid, as well as a decrease in antiviral, antitumor protection and local immunity.

Diagnostics

To figure out how to treat intestinal dysbacteriosis, it is necessary not only to diagnose the symptom, but also to determine the cause of its development in adults. Therefore, after collecting anamnesis and finding out the possible causes of dysfunction of the intestinal microflora, the gastroenterologist prescribes a complete examination of the digestive tract, and in the case of a chronic course of dysbacteriosis, the immune system.

From laboratory diagnostic methods are used:

  • bacteriological culture of feces, culture for dysbacteriosis;
  • microscopic examination of feces;
  • coprogram;
  • examination of scrapings from the intestinal wall.

Determination of the ratio of microorganisms is carried out by sowing feces on a special nutrient medium that is favorable for the reproduction of bacteria. A few days later, the microflora is examined in detail under a microscope, after which the number of bacteria in one gram of the material is counted.

Unlike bacteriological research, biochemical analysis for dysbacteriosis is performed more quickly and simplified. The method is based on the detection of a spectrum of fatty acids that are the product of vital activity of microorganisms. A biochemical study allows you to determine not only the imbalance of the intestinal microflora, but also the specific section of the gastrointestinal tract, where the violations manifested themselves, as well as the stage of the disease.

Treatment of intestinal dysbiosis in adults

The treatment regimen largely depends on the cause of the development of intestinal dysbacteriosis. However, therapy in adults should always be comprehensive and include all specific activities:

  • fight against excessive bacterial contamination of the small intestine;
  • improvement of intestinal absorption and digestion processes;
  • stimulation of the general reactivity of the body (increased immunity);
  • restoration of normal intestinal motility;
  • elimination of the imbalance of microorganisms in the colon.

It is also recommended to adhere to a strict diet that excludes foods that increase gas formation and contain coarse fiber. At least 4 times a week, and preferably daily, you should eat fermented milk products. Preference should be given to those that are additionally enriched with beneficial lactic acid bacteria.

Drug therapy

Drug treatment of dysbacteriosis in adults is aimed at eliminating its symptoms, restoring normal intestinal microflora and correcting the immune status. Drugs for the treatment of dysbacteriosis in each case should be prescribed by a doctor.

Symptomatic therapy includes taking antispasmodics (papaverine, drotaverine), antidiarrheal and laxatives (loperamide, lactulose, forlax). According to the indications, it is possible to take choleretic (legalon, choleretic fees) and enzyme (pancreatin, festal, mezim) preparations.

When using complex therapy to suppress pathogenic microflora, the following groups of drugs are used:

  1. Antibacterial drugs. With intestinal dysbacteriosis, they are prescribed exclusively for an established form of the disease. At the same time, it is very important to take into account the spectrum of sensitivity of the microorganism to antibiotics.
  2. Preparations from the group of bacteriophages are viruses that can enter the bacterial cell and gradually dissolve it.
  3. Preparations from the group of intestinal antiseptics. Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin), nitrofurans (furazolidone, nifuroxazide) can be used.
  4. containing live bacteria.
  5. Prebiotics - substances that stimulate the development of normal microflora and inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic (lactulose, galactose);
  6. Herbal antiseptics are active against staphylococci. An alcohol solution of Chlorophyllipt is used, which is previously diluted in water.
  7. Immunomodulators- to raise local and general immunity and accelerate the process of restoring normal intestinal microflora (dibazole, echinacea tincture).
  8. Multivitamin complexes to compensate for the deficiency of vitamins A, D, E (decamevit, multitabs).

Undoubtedly, the main therapeutic measures for intestinal dysbacteriosis should be aimed at the underlying disease that caused the changes in the microbial landscape. Otherwise, all efforts will be ineffective, and short-term improvement will be replaced by the resumption of symptoms.

Probiotics

Probiotics are preparations for the effective treatment of intestinal dysbacteriosis, they contain microorganisms that have a positive effect on the intestinal microflora. In order for the microorganism to pass through the upper parts of the digestive tract with minimal losses, it is placed in an acid-sensitive capsule.

All probiotics can be divided into several groups:

  1. Monocomponent. They consist of one type of bacteria - bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, colibacteria - Bifidumbacterin, Lactobacterin, Colibacterin.
  2. Polycomponent. They contain several types of bacteria, colibacteria, bifidumbacteria, lactobacilli - these are Linex, Bifiform, Bifikol.
  3. Combined. They contain symbiotic communities of the main bacteria and strains that are immune to most antibiotics in combination with a nutrient medium and immunoglobulin complexes. Lineks, Rioflora immuno, Bifikol.
  4. Synbiotics. These drugs are produced with a competent combination of pre- and probiotics, forming ready-made complex drugs, for example, Bifidobak, Maltodofilus, Laminolact.
  5. Antagonists. Probiotics can conditionally include antagonists, these are microorganisms that can also suppress the development of opportunistic flora, they include such antidiarrheal drugs as Enterol, Bactisporin, Bactisubtil.

It should be understood that in severe forms of dysbacteriosis, the use of probiotics and prebiotics alone is not enough, additional use of antibacterial agents, intestinal antiseptics is also necessary.

Prebiotics

Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that promote health by stimulating the activity or growth of certain groups of bacteria that live in the colon. Prebiotics are processed by digestive enzymes and are not absorbed in the upper digestive tract. Prebiotics not only improve the metabolic activity of the natural microflora, but also inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria, the body does not reject them.

Effective prebiotics include:

  • Indigestible disaccharides- these are Lactulose (Normaze, Duphalac, Goodluck, Prelax, Lactusan), Lactitol (Exportal), gastrointestinal tract transit prebiotic (it includes fructooligosaccharides, extracts of artichoke, lemon and green tea), lactic acids - Hilak forte.

Also, prebiotics are found in dairy products, corn flakes, cereals, bread, onions, field chicory, garlic, beans, peas, artichokes, asparagus, bananas and many other products. Their properties are most pronounced in fructose-oligosaccharides (FOS), inulin, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), lactulose, lactitol.

Antibacterial drugs

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed in cases where an excess of pathogenic microflora in the intestine has caused malabsorption and led to digestive disorders, as well as in the development of infectious inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

In the most severe cases, preference is given to antibiotics from the tetracycline series, penicillins, cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. In milder situations, a specialist may prescribe antimicrobial agents that have a bactericidal effect in the intestinal lumen (Furazolidone).

The standard course of such therapy does not exceed 7-10 days. After completing the intake of antibiotics or antimicrobials, adults are recommended to take sorbents (Enterosgel, Polyphepan) to cleanse the intestines from dead bacteria and their metabolic products.

In the treatment of dysbacteriosis caused by taking antibiotics, the main principle is the prevention of dysbacteriosis - the rational use of antibiotics: in no case should you drink them unreasonably.

Diet

At home, there are several effective ways to treat intestinal dysbiosis in adults with the help of diets. Food should be balanced, with the maximum amount of essential trace elements. More healthy and nutritious foods, less "forbidden" foods, convenience foods, confectionery and fast food products.

From the menu will have to be excluded:

  • alcohol;
  • smoking;
  • pickled and canned foods;
  • fatty meats;
  • fried food;
  • fatty and concentrated broths and soups based on them;
  • sand dough products;
  • potato;
  • pasta;
  • refined sugar;
  • mushrooms.

In addition, it is necessary to eliminate drinks and foods, gas-promoting:

  • white cereals (from semolina, rice);
  • muffin;
  • White bread;
  • whole milk;
  • sweets;
  • grape;
  • turnip;
  • bananas;
  • sweet apples;
  • gas-containing drinks (including mineral waters, sparkling wines), etc.

With the help of a well-chosen diet, intestinal motility is normalized. And, of course, we must remember that the therapeutic diet will require many restrictions, and be prepared for the fact that there are much more “no” than “possible” in it.

Prevention

Preventive measures, as a rule, are aimed at eliminating the causes of dysbacteriosis. Therefore, they are:

  • rational antibiotic therapy (many doctors advise taking prebiotics along with antibiotics);
  • healthy eating;
  • normalization of the rest regime, psycho-emotional stress and work;
  • timely detection and treatment of digestive ailments;
  • epidemiological measures in infectious foci.

Also remember that the treatment of dysbacteriosis is effective and does not drag on for many months, you need to start it when the first symptoms occur. Don't ignore the warning signs: if you're having troublesome gastrointestinal symptoms and changing your diet to a healthier diet isn't helping much, it's best to visit a gastroenterologist.

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Bloating, rumbling in the abdomen, impaired stool - almost every person is familiar with these symptoms. However, not everyone knows that this is a manifestation of dysbacteriosis. The attitude towards dysbacteriosis in people is twofold: someone does not perceive this disease as a serious problem, and someone believes that dysbacteriosis is a dangerous disease that requires immediate treatment. Modern medicine considers dysbacteriosis not as a specific disease, but as a consequence of any pathology or an unhealthy lifestyle, as a result of which the balance of microorganisms in the intestine is disturbed.

What is intestinal dysbiosis

Intestinal dysbiosis is a clinical and laboratory syndrome characterized by a qualitative and / or quantitative change in the composition of the normal intestinal microflora, leading to gastrointestinal disorders.

Digestion is a complex process in which bacteria play an important role.

On the mucous membrane of a healthy intestine, a huge number of microorganisms peacefully colonize - both beneficial and potentially dangerous, their total weight is 2-3 kg.

Among them are:

  • beneficial bacteria- bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, colibacilli. These microorganisms contribute to the absorption of nutrients, create conditions for normal digestion, and prevent the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms.
  • potentially pathogenic microorganisms- enterococci, staphylococci, fungi, some protozoa. Under certain conditions, there is an increase in the number of microorganisms that inhibit the functions of beneficial bacteria, leading to the development of diseases.

“According to Tibetan ideas, indigestion causes a heat disease (excessive penetration of Yang energy into hollow organs) or a cold disease (disturbance of the Yin constitutions Wind or Mucus), which depletes the “fire” of the stomach. The warmth of the stomach, which contributes to the proper digestion of food, is lost if hypothermia of the body occurs regularly, products with cooling properties are systematically consumed, passion for diets, fasting, and the diet is not observed. Physical inactivity, stress are also provocative factors.”

Tibetan medicine doctor, reflexologist, hirudotherapist, phytotherapist, physiotherapist, neurologist

Causes of digestive disorders

Dysbacteriosis is provoked by:

  • taking antibiotics;
  • long-term treatment with hormonal, steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the like;
  • chemotherapy;
  • diseases of the digestive tract (gastritis, pancreatitis, colitis, cholecystitis, etc.);
  • some chronic diseases in the acute stage;
  • allergic reactions;
  • age-related deterioration in the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract;
  • alcohol abuse;
  • immunodeficiency states;
  • change in diet;
  • climate change;
  • transferred operations on the digestive organs.

Symptoms of intestinal dysbiosis in adults and children

The symptomatology of this disease can be extremely diverse, it depends on the location and degree of development of dysbacteriosis.

There are the following stages of dysbacteriosis:

1 stage

Symptoms are practically absent, pathology can only be determined by the results of laboratory tests, indicating a slight increase in the number of pathogenic bacilli.

2 stage

At this stage, the patient is disturbed by a violation of the stool (constipation or diarrhea), loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting. In the analyzes, there is a decrease in beneficial microflora, the rapid reproduction of pathogenic flora.

3 stage

A significant growth of pathogenic microflora provokes inflammatory processes in the intestine. Symptoms are more pronounced: pain in the intestines, constipation and diarrhea become chronic, intestinal absorption processes are disturbed and undigested food is excreted with feces.

4 stage

Pathogenic microflora prevails, beneficial bacteria are almost replaced by harmful microbes. Pain, violation of the chair persist. Quick fatigue, insomnia, apathy, depression join.

Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis

Laboratory research methods

  • General blood analysis
  • coprogram (fecal analysis)

Instrumental research methods

  • Ultrasound of the abdominal organs

Diagnosis of dysbacteriosis in the Naran clinic, in addition to laboratory methods, includes a thorough questioning of the patient, examination, and pulse diagnosis.

At the consultation, the doctor clarifies what kind of lifestyle the patient leads, what food preferences, frequency of meals, and also finds out what diseases he had, what therapy he took. The doctor asks in detail about the patient's complaints, which worries how long ago certain symptoms appeared.

After a detailed survey, the doctor develops a clear picture of the possible causes of the disease.

The doctor of Tibetan medicine attaches great importance to the general examination of the patient: examination of the tongue, skin, mucous membranes, palpation of the abdomen are very informative in terms of diagnosing the disease.

The study of the pulse is the main diagnostic method in Tibetan medicine, which allows to identify the state of the three main vital principles of the human body:

  1. "wind" (nervous system)
  2. bile (digestive system)
  3. "mucus" (lymphatic and endocrine system).

and determine the place of origin of the disease even without symptoms. Pulse diagnostics is distinguished by a very high accuracy in determining the disease. Timely detection of the onset of the disease allows you to avoid serious problems.

Treatment of intestinal dysbiosis

The modern approach to the treatment of dysbacteriosis consists mainly in taking medications (antibiotics, pro- and prebiotics) and prescribing a diet.

Treatment at the Naran clinic is aimed at eliminating the causes that contribute to the development of dysbacteriosis. Tibetan medicine considers the body as a whole, the treatment of which requires an integrated approach.

In Tibetan medicine, there are 3 methods of treatment:

  1. Lifestyle Correction
  2. Power correction

    Nutrition for dysbacteriosis should correspond to the natural "dosha" of the patient, because with its help it is possible to strengthen or, on the contrary, pacify the digestive "fire". It is better if the food is light, but satisfying.

  3. Phytotherapy

    Ecologically clean herbs, which are part of herbal teas, suppress the activity of pathogens in the intestines and gently contribute to the restoration of healthy microflora. Specially selected Tibetan and Baikal plants have proven to be an excellent remedy for dysbacteriosis, they are also indispensable in the treatment of other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract: they normalize metabolism, improve digestion, increase immunity, stop the inflammatory process and remove toxins accumulated in the intestines.

In addition, with a diagnosis of dysbacteriosis, treatment will be aimed at eliminating concomitant diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and comprehensively improving the entire digestive system, including the stomach, pancreas, liver, biliary tract, small and large intestines.

Food should be steamed or boiled, it is necessary to exclude the use of fried, fatty, smoked, salty foods.

Limit sweets, mushrooms, confectionery, meat products, canned foods, white bread and eggs in the diet.

Add more fresh vegetables and fruits, dairy products, cereals to the diet.

Quit drinking alcohol and smoking cigarettes completely.