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Correct pronunciation of words. Orthoepy, the correct pronunciation of words, sounds. And the last tip. Why dry breakfasts are harmful

Questions of correct literary pronunciation are studied by a special linguistic discipline - orthoepy(from Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Orthoepic rules and recommendations have always been in the focus of attention of Russian philologists, as well as representatives of those professions whose activities are directly related to public speaking in front of an audience: statesmen and public figures, lecturers, announcers, commentators, journalists, artists, translators, teachers of Russian and foreign languages tongues, preachers, lawyers. But in recent years, interest in the problems of the culture of oral speech has noticeably increased among the most diverse strata of society. This is facilitated by socio-economic changes in our country, the democratization of all aspects of life. The practice of broadcasting parliamentary debates and hearings, live speeches has become widespread: statesmen, leaders of parties and movements, political observers, specialists in various fields of science and culture.

Possession of the norms of literary pronunciation, the ability to expressively and correctly formulate a sounding speech is gradually recognized by many as an urgent social necessity.

Historically, the development and formation of the rules of Russian orthoepy has developed in such a way that the literary pronunciation is based on the Moscow pronunciation, on which some variants of the St. Petersburg pronunciation were subsequently “layered”.

Departure from the norms and recommendations of Russian literary pronunciation is regarded as a sign of insufficient speech and general culture, which reduces the authority of the speaker and scatters the attention of listeners. Regional features of pronunciation, incorrectly placed stress, “reduced” colloquial and everyday intonation, and ill-conceived pausing distract from the correct, adequate perception of public speaking.

Erroneous pronunciation through radio and television is “replicated” to a huge audience, voluntarily or involuntarily assimilated and consolidated, thereby blurring the idea of correctness and purity of speech that is necessary for every cultured person. In addition, there are certain negative socio-psychological consequences of non-normative pronunciation, which tends to spread (especially in conditions of round-the-clock broadcasting). Since in the bulk the listener first of all pays attention to the content side of the information, the sound side of speech is not controlled by him, but is fixed at the subconscious level. In these cases, everything that contradicts the established tradition of shaping Russian sounding speech: violation of the intonation pattern of the phrase and the text as a whole, unjustified logical stress, pauses that do not correspond to the natural “flow” of the speech, evoke an intuitive feeling of protest in the listener, create a feeling of anxiety, psychological discomfort.

Work on one's own pronunciation, on improving the pronunciation culture requires a person to have certain knowledge in the field of orthoepy. Since pronunciation is largely an automated side of speech, a person “hears” himself worse than others, controls his pronunciation insufficiently or does not control it at all, is uncritical in assessing his own pronunciation, and painfully perceives comments in this area. The rules and recommendations on orthoepy, reflected in manuals, dictionaries and reference books, seem to him to be overly categorical, different from the usual speech practice, and common spelling errors, on the contrary, are very harmless.

Therefore, in order to successfully master the orthoepic norm or deepen knowledge in Russian literary pronunciation, it is necessary from the point of view of methodological recommendations:

¦ learn the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation;

learn to listen to your speech and the speech of others;

¦ listen and study exemplary literary pronunciation, which is owned by radio and television announcers, masters of the artistic word;

¦ consciously compare your pronunciation with exemplary, analyze your mistakes and shortcomings;

¦ correct them by constant speech training in preparation for public speaking.

The study of the rules and recommendations of literary pronunciation should begin with the distinction and awareness of the two main styles of pronunciation: complete recommended for public speaking, and incomplete(colloquial colloquial), which is common in everyday communication. The full style is characterized primarily by the observance of the basic requirements of the orthoepic norm, clarity and distinctness of pronunciation, the correct placement of verbal and logical stress, moderate tempo, correct pausing, neutral intonation pattern of the phrase and speech as a whole. With an incomplete pronunciation style, there is an excessive reduction in vowels, falling out of consonants, indistinct pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, excessive emphasis on words (including official ones), inconsistent speech tempo, and unwanted pauses. If in everyday speech these features of pronunciation are acceptable, then in public speaking they must be avoided.

§ 235. Pronunciation of vowels

The main feature of Russian literary pronunciation in the field of vowels is their different sound in stressed and unstressed syllables with the same spelling. In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo reduction. There are two types of reduction - quantitative(when the longitude and intensity of the sound decrease) and quality(when the sound itself changes in an unstressed position). The vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable are subjected to less reduction, the greater - in all other syllables. Vowels [a], [o], [e] undergo both quantitative and qualitative reduction in unstressed syllables; vowels [and], [s], [y] do not change their quality in unstressed syllables, but partially lose their duration.

1. Vowels in the 1st pre-stressed syllable:

a) after solid consonants in place O And A [A]: v[a] yes?, n[a] ha?, M[a]squa?, s[a]dy?, s[a]bo?r ; after hard sizzling and And sh on the spot A And O also pronounced weakened sound [A]: w[a]ra?, w[a]nglör, sh[a]gi?, w[a]fer .

Note 1. After hard sizzling and, sh and after c soft consonants are preceded by a sound like [s] with an overtone [e] , denoted conditionally [s uh ] : w[s uh ] lie, unfortunately [s uh ] le? niyu, f [s uh ]ke?t , in plural forms of the word horse: losh[s uh ]de?th, losh[s uh ]dya?m etc. ... in the forms of indirect cases of numerals on - twenty: twenty[s] uh ]ty?, thirty[s] uh ]ty? etc.; in rare cases sound [s uh ] pronounced on the spot A in position before hard consonants: hw[s uh ]Noah. w[s uh ]sm?n .

Note 2. Unstressed [O] pronounced in conjunctions But And What , and is also allowed in some foreign words, for example: b[o]a?, b[o]mo?nd. rococo?. J[o]re?c .

Note 3. Preservation O in unstressed syllables is a feature of regional pronunciation, so the pronunciation M[o]squa?, p[o]ku?pka, p[o]e?dem, v[o]zi?t. railway station does not correspond to the norm;

b) after hard hissing w, w And c on the spot e a reduced sound like [s] with an overtone [e] , denoted conditionally [s uh ]: w[s uh ]on?, w[s uh ]pt?t, q[s uh ]lu?y ;

c) after soft consonants in place of letters I And e , as well as after soft hissing h And sch on the spot A a weakened sound is pronounced [And] with an overtone [e] , denoted conditionally [And uh ] : m[i uh ]sno?th, R[and uh ]for?n, m[and uh ]sti?, h[i uh ]sy?, sch[and uh ]di?t , as well as in the plural forms of the word area: area uh ]de?th, square[and uh ]dya?m etc.;

d) on the spot I And e a sound is pronounced at the beginning of a word [And] with an overtone [e] , denoted [And uh ] combined with the previous [yi]: [yi uh ]Zda?, [yi uh ]nta?r, [yi uh ]egg?.

Note. Preservation [A] in an unstressed syllable after soft consonants is a feature of the regional pronunciation, so the pronunciation [v’a] for? be, bi? on, h[a] sy?, [ya] egg?, [ya] vi? does not correspond to the norm.

2. Vowels in other unstressed syllables:

a) at the absolute beginning of a word in place of letters A And O always pronounced attenuated sound [a]: [a] rbu? z: [a] kno ?, [a] car? l, [a] declination;

b) after solid consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed, in place A And O a reduced sound is pronounced, average in sound between [A] And [s] [b]: g[b] lova?, k[b] rand? sh, i? bl [b] k [b] ;

c) after soft consonants in unstressed syllables, except for the 1st pre-stressed, in place and I And e pronounced reduced, middle in sound between [And] And [e] , short in duration, denoted conditionally [b]: [p’b] tacho? k, [l’b] rubbish? b, you? [n’b] su, h[b] catch? k .

3. Vowel and at the beginning of the root after a prefix or preposition, ending in solid consonants is pronounced like [s] : from the institute - and[zy]institute , with Igor - [sy] grief ; save in this position [And] and the softening of the consonant before it is a regional feature of pronunciation and does not correspond to the norm.

4. Stressed vowels in place e And yo . In the pronunciation of a number of words, difficulties arise due to the indistinguishability of letters in the printed text. e And yo , since only the letter is used to designate them e (except for educational literature for junior schoolchildren and foreign students). This situation leads to a distortion of not only the graphic, but also the phonetic appearance of the word, and is the cause of frequent pronunciation errors. Therefore, it is recommended to remember two rows of words:

a) with a letter e , in the place of which sounds [e]: scam, spineless, bluff, being, sleet, firebrand, grenadier, plump, life, alien, religious procession (But Godfather ), fishing line, non-existence, perplexed, invaluable, guardianship, sedentary (settlement), successor, successor, shadowing, modern, yoke, barley and etc.;

b) with a letter yo , in the place of which, sounds [O]: hopeless, buckets, engraver, bile (admissible bile ), bilious (admissible bilious ), mockery, traveling salesman, priest (But priest ), maneuvers, mercenary, convicted, brought in, translated, brought, sturgeon, fable, laid down, brought, brought, scabrous, scrupulous, belted, sweep, tyosha, wool (coarse-haired), lye and etc.

In some pairs of words, a different meaning is accompanied by a different sound of the stressed vowel. [O] or [e]: expired (term) - expired (blooded), announced (shouts like an announced) - announced (decree), perfect (singing) - perfect (opening).

§ 236. Pronunciation of certain consonants

1. Consonant [G] in the literary pronunciation of an explosive, instant sound, when stunned, it is pronounced as [To]: sleep [to], take [to] . Pronouncing in his place "Ukrainian" G , conventionally denoted [h] , does not correspond to the norm: [h] uh? be, sapo [h] and? . The exception is the word God , at the end of which sounds [X] .

2. Instead of h in words of course, boring, scrambled eggs, fiddling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, laundry, rag, rag-picker , in female patronymics ending in - ichna (Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, Ilyinichna etc.), as well as in the words what to, nothing pronounced [w] .

3. In words man, defector in place of combination zhch , in the form of the comparative degree of adverbs tougher, tougher (And biting ) in place stch , as well as in place of combinations zch And mid pronounced [n]: loader, customer, carver, subscriber, sandstone, happy, happiness, account, electronic account, counter, cost accounting, count and etc.

4. With the accumulation of several consonants in some combinations, one of them is not pronounced:

a) combined stn not pronounced [t]: teaching? [s'n'] ik, ve? [s'] nick, what? i?ro[sn]th ;

b) combined zdn not pronounced [d]: by? [zn] o, right? [zn] ik, nae? [zn] ik , but in the word abyss it is recommended to leave a weak sound [e] ;

c) combined stl not pronounced [t]: happy [s’l ’] and? ; in words bony And send [t] is preserved;

d) combined stl not pronounced [T] ; this produces a double consonant [ss]: maximum? [ss] cue, turi? [ss] cue, race? [ss] cue .

5. In some words, with the accumulation of consonants stk, zdk, ntk, ndk fall out is not allowed [t]: daughter-in-law, trip, summons, typist, cumbersome, laboratory assistant, student, patient, Irish, Scottish but: cloth shotla[nk]a .

6. Hard consonants before soft consonants can be softened:

A) necessarily softens I n before soft h And With: ne? [n’s ’] ia, prete? [n’z ’] ia, rece? [n’z ’] ia, face? [n’z ’] ia ;

b) in combinations tv, dv may soften T And d: Thursday, Tver, hard [t’v’] and [tv’]; door, two, move [d’v] and [dv’] ;

c) in combinations sv And St. may soften h And With: beast, ring [z'v '] And [sv']; light, candle, witness, saint [s'v] And [sv'] , as well as in the word snake [z'm'] And [zm’] ;

G) n in front of soft T And d softens: ba[n't']ik, wi[n't']ik, zo[n't']ik, ve[n't']il, a[n't']ichny, ko[n't '] text, remo[n't'] ban, b[n'd']it, I[n'd']ia, style[n'd']ia, zo[n'd']irovat, and [n'd']ivid, ka[n'd']idat, blo[n'd']in.

§ 237. Pronunciation of certain grammatical forms

Some grammatical forms of verbs, nouns, adjectives are characterized by special rules for pronouncing sounds in suffixes and endings.

1. In verbs with a particle- Xia in the indefinite form and in the third person singular and plural at the junction of the ending and the particle is pronounced [ts]: meet, meet - meet [tts], mark, mark - note [tch], mark - note? [tch], say goodbye - goodbye? [tch].

In the form of the imperative at the place of combination - be two soft sounds [t's']: mark - mark? [t's'], meet - the wind? [t's'] .

2. In the endings of the genitive case of the masculine and neuter forms of adjectives, numerals, pronouns - Wow /-his on the spot G pronounced [c]: big house (lake) - big? [b], blue flag (sea) - si? not [b] . The same rule applies to words today - se [in] o? days, total - total [in] o? .

Note. Surnames ending in - ago (Shembinago, Zhivago ), the sound is pronounced [G] .

3. Graphic abbreviations, occurring in the text, for example, surname initials , as well as abbreviations like l (liter), m (meter), kg (kilogram), ha (hectare), p / box (“letter box”), etc. (etc.), s (page) and etc. in reading "decipher", i.e., "unfold" into full words. Graphic abbreviations exist only in written speech only for visual perception, and their literal reading is perceived either as a speech error or as irony, appropriate only in special situations.

§ 238. Features of the pronunciation of Russian names and patronymics

The combination of name and patronymic is used in various situations, both in written and oral speech: in official decrees on awards, appointments, in orders, lists, for example, on personnel records, composition of production and training groups, in business and private correspondence, in circulation to the interlocutor, in the representation and naming of third parties.

In an atmosphere of official, business communication between people, especially in the work of a teacher, translator, editor, lawyer, businessman, employee of government or commercial structures, it becomes necessary to address by name and patronymic. Many Russian names and patronymics have pronunciation options that it is desirable to take into account in a particular communication situation. So, when meeting, at the first introduction of a person, a distinct, clear, close to spelling pronunciation is recommended.

In all other cases, incomplete, contracted forms of pronunciation of names and patronymics are acceptable, which have historically developed in the practice of literary oral speech.

1. - uy (Vasily, Anatoly, Arkady, Grigory, Yuri, Eugene, Valery, Gennady ) ending in combinations - evich, - evna preceded by a separator b: Vasil evich, Vasil evna; Grigory evich, Grigory evna . When pronouncing female patronymics, these combinations are clearly preserved: Vasil evna, Anatole evna, Grigory evna etc. In male patronymics, full and contracted options are allowed: Vasya?[l'jb']ich and Vasya[l'ich], Anato?[l'jv']ich and Anato?[l'ich], Grigo?[r'jb']ich and Grigo?[p' ich] etc.

2. Patronymics formed from male names on - to her And - ah (Alexey, Andrey, Korney, Matvey, Sergey, Nikolay ) end in combinations - eevich, - eevna, - aevich, - aevna: Alekseevich, Alekseevna, Nikolaevich, Nikolaevna . In their pronunciation, the literary norm allows both full and contracted options: Alexeyevich And Alex?[i]h, Alekseyevna And Alek[s’e?]vna; Sergeevich And Serge?[i]h, Sergeevna And Ser[g’e?] vna; Korne?evich And Cornet?[and]h, Korne?evna And Kor[n’e?]vna; Nikolaevich And Nikola?[i]h, Nikolaevna And Nikola?[ext]a etc.

3. Male patronymics ending in an unstressed combination - ovic , can be pronounced both in full and in contracted form: Anto?novich And Anto?n[s]h, Aleksandrovich And Alexa?ndr[s]h , Iva?novich and Willow?n[s]h etc. In female patronymics ending in an unstressed combination - ram , the full pronunciation is recommended: Alexander ram, Boris ram, Kirill ram, Victor ram, Oleg ram etc.

4. If the middle name starts with And (Ivanovich, Ignatievich, Isaevich ), then in pronunciation with a name ending in a solid consonant, but goes into [s]: Pavel Ivanovich - Pavel[s]vanovich, Alexander Isaevich - Alexander[s]saevich .

5. Usually not pronounced ov n And m: Willow? [n:]na, Anto?[n:]a, Efi?[mn]a, Maxi?[mn]a .

6. Not pronounced unstressed - ov in female patronymics from names ending in V: Vyachesla?[ext]a, Stanisla?[ext]a .

§ 239. Pronunciation of borrowed words

Part of the borrowed vocabulary in the Russian language has some orthoepic features, which are fixed by the literary norm.

1. In some words of foreign origin in place of unstressed O pronounced sound [o]: ada? gio, boa?, bomo? nd, bonto? n, cocoa? o, radio, three? o . In addition, there may be stylistic hesitation in high-style text; preservation of unstressed [O] in words that are foreign in origin - one of the means of attracting attention to them, the means of highlighting them. Word pronunciation nocturne, sonnet, poetic, poet, poetry, dossier, veto, creed, foyer and others with unstressed [O] optional. foreign names Maurice Thorez, Chopin, Voltaire, Rodin, Daudet, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Zola, Honoré de Balzac, Sacramento and others also retain unstressed [O] as a variant of literary pronunciation.

In some borrowed words in literary pronunciation, after vowels and at the beginning of a word, the unstressed [e]: duelist, muezzin, poetic, aegis, evolution, exaltation, exoticism, equivalent, eclecticism, economy, screen, expansion, expert, experiment, exhibit, ecstasy, excess, element, elite, embargo, emigrant, emission, emir, energy, enthusiasm , encyclopedia, epigraph, episode, epilogue, epoch, effect, effective and etc.

2. In oral public speech, certain difficulties are caused by the pronunciation of a hard or soft consonant in borrowed words before the letter e , for example, in words pace, swimming pool, museum etc. In most of these cases, a soft consonant is pronounced: academy, pool, beret, beige, brunette, bill, monogram, debut, motto, recitation, declaration, dispatch, incident, compliment, competent, correct, museum, patent, pate, Odessa, tenor, term, plywood, overcoat; word pace pronounced with a firm T .

In other words before e a hard consonant is pronounced: adept, auto-da-fe, business, western, child prodigy, riding breeches, dumbbell, grotesque, neckline, delta, dandy, derby, de facto, de jure, dispensary, identical, boarding school, international, intern, karate, square, cafe, scarf, codeine, code, computer, tuple, cottage, bracket, martin, billionaire, model, modern, morse, hotel, parterre, pathos, polonaise, purse, poetess, resume, rating, reputation, superman and others. Some of these words have been known to us for at least a hundred and fifty years, but do not show a tendency to soften the consonant.

In loanwords beginning with a prefix de- , before vowels dez- , as well as in the first part of compound words starting with neo- , with a general tendency to soften, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of soft and hard d And n , For example: devaluation, de-ideologization, demilitarization, depoliticization, destabilization, deformation, disinformation, deodorant, disorganization, neo-globalism, neo-colonialism, neo-realism, neo-fascism.

Solid pronunciation of consonants before e recommended in foreign proper names: Bella, Bizet, Voltaire: Descartes, Daudet, Jaures, Carmen, Mary, Pasteur, Rodin, Flaubert, Chopin, Apollinaire, Fernandel [de?], Carter, Ionesco, Minelli, Vanessa Redgrave, Stallone and etc.

In loanwords with two (or more) e often one of the consonants is pronounced softly, while the other remains firm before e: strap [rete], genesis [gene], relay [relay], genetics [gene], cafeteria [fete], pince-nez [ne; ne], reputation [re; me], secretary [se; re; te], ethnogenesis [gene] and etc.

In relatively few words of foreign origin, there are fluctuations in the pronunciation of the consonant before e , for example: with the normative pronunciation of a solid consonant before e in words businessman [ne; me], annexation [ne] pronunciation with a soft consonant is acceptable; in words dean, complaint soft pronunciation is the norm, but hard pronunciation is also allowed [de] And [te] ; in a word session variants of hard and soft pronunciation are equal. It is not normative to soften consonants before e in the professional speech of representatives of the technical intelligentsia in words laser, computer , as well as in colloquial pronunciation of words business, sandwich, intense, interval .

Stylistic fluctuations in the pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before e are also observed in some foreign-language proper names: Berta, The Decameron, Reagan. Major, Kramer, Gregory Peck and etc.

3. Solid [w] pronounced in words parachute, brochure . In a word jury pronounced soft hissing [and'] . Names are pronounced the same way Julien, Jules .

III. FEATURES OF THE RUSSIAN STRESS

§ 240. Russian word stress

Word stress in Russian is characterized by heterogeneity(can be on any syllable and any part of a word: but? lead, science, education, bourgeoisie? etc.) and mobility (in different grammatical forms, the word can move from one syllable to another: head?, head; head; accepted, accepted?; bold, bold? etc.).

Prepositions, conjunctions and particles usually do not have independent stress on themselves and are adjacent to independent parts of speech: beyond the city, haven’t been?, father? . In some cases, the emphasis shifts to the preposition: up the mountain, on? gender, for night . Thus, independent and functional words have one verbal stress, making up a single phonetic word in sound.

Note. A small number of service parts of speech are weakly stressed and do not change the quality of the “stressed” vowel. These are unions but, as if, for sure, then ... then , some prepositions that do not violate the semantic connection with adverbs ( along, opposite, besides, next to, between etc.), particle Well .

Compound words and words with prefixes anti-, inter-, near-, counter-, over-, super-, ex- and others may have, in addition to the main, side(or secondary) stress, conventionally denoted by the grave sign ( ‘ ). But among the complex words there are many single-stressed ones: pre-war, independent, car, dormitory etc. Collateral stress usually in order is the first (closer to the beginning of the word), and basic- second (closer to the end of the word): oath th, inter-republic? nsky, su and etc.

The correct choice of the place of stress in the word is of great importance in the work on the culture of oral speech. The following are examples of the most common mis-emphasis. These can be both individual words and some grammatical forms of words:

1) Common nouns:

agent, agronomy, alphabet? t, apo? krif, apostrophe, are? st, asymmetry? , bravura? rny, rattling, gross? e, gross? m wali? t, faith? giving, supremacy? nstvo, supper, genesis, citizenship, grotesque, ground? e, gave? y-la?ma, hyphen?s, dia?spore, diopter?I, dispensary?r, do?gmat, old?vko, confessor?k, blinds? sk and flint, kitchen, marketing, masterful, messi, mimicry, many hours, garbage chute, intention, real estate, unsleeping(eye), not? netsky, untrodden, unspeakable? (relationship), oil pipeline, newborn, provision, depreciate, facilitate, encourage, educate, one-component, wholesale, inform, recall(for manuscript) review (deputy), rebuff, somewhat, remembering, fir, plateau, repeated, teenage, anticipating, coercing, acquiring, reasoning, sanitary? I, modest, convoking ?in, concentration, means, carpenter, status, statute? t, history, taboo?, customs, customs, bidding? simple, deepen, Ukrainian, reduce, simplify, facsimile, extravaganza, phenomenon(phenomenon), needles? I, cotton? (norm), linguistic (sausage).

In many words, there are fluctuations in the setting of stress: equal options - denim And denim, zai?ndevely And frosty, combiner And combine operator, metallurgy And metallurgy, propolis And propolis, a loop? And a loop, erysipelas And childbirth, rust And rust, sa?zhen And soot?, cottage cheese And cottage cheese, fanza And fanza? ; with normative stress and? vgustovsky admissible augustian , at birch bark admissible birch bark , at shell admissible shell , at wary admissible wary ; with normative stress industry - obsolete industry , at swept away - obsolete quick-witted , at ra?course - obsolete cancer?rs ;

2) Proper names:

Aigi?, E?vno, Aze?f, A?be, Ko?be, Eli?n Peli?n, Zakhode?r, P?res de Cue?lier, Steinbeck, Se?linger, Rua?l A Mundsen, Balmont, Vorontso? va-Da? Alexi?y, Ignaty Loyo?la, archpriest Avvak?m, Julian?n Tu?vim, Sokolo?v-Mikito?v, Sa?yudis, Ana?dyr, Balashi?ha, Veliky U? Stug, Ki?zhi, Ra?donezh, Mount Narodnaya, Stavropol Territory, Hanno?ver, Che?t'i-Mine?i, Apoka?lipsis, Kali?gula, Molo?x, Karnegi Hall, Comedy? France?z. Metropolitan-Opera, Myanmar?, Nikara?gua, Peru?, Quebec?c, S?days, Massachusetts, Missouri, Foro?s, Sri Lanka?.

In some proper names, a variable accent is allowed: New? tone (but traditionally: Newton?n ), Re?mbrandt (but traditionally: Rembra?ndt ), Li?ncoln (but traditionally: Linko?flax ), De?vid Ko?pperfield (but traditionally: Davi?d Copperfly?ice ).

Note. In cases where one proper name refers to two (or more) persons, objects, concepts, it is necessary to clarify the specific meaning of this word and, using encyclopedic dictionaries, find out the correct stress. For example, Washington George, first President of the United States but traditionally Washington- the capital of USA, Macbe?t - a character in Shakespeare's tragedy of the same name, but in the title of Leskov's story "Lady Ma?kbet Mtsensk district".

§ 241. Stress in certain grammatical forms

The mobility of Russian stress, i.e., its transfer from one syllable to another in various grammatical forms of a single phonetic word, causes a number of difficulties in pronouncing these forms.

1. Shifting emphasis to prepositions on, for, under, by, from, without possible if there are no words explaining it in the sentence after the noun:

1) in combination with a preposition behind

"on the other side, behind" , For example: atgo for? river, for mountain; pawn for? cheek, for ear; lay your hands on? back, for head;

"during" do for? year for? day, for night, for winter pay for? year for? day and so on.;

2) in combination with a preposition on (with accusative case) meaning:

"in the direction, on top of smth" , For example: fall (sit down, lie down) on? floor, climb on? mountain, something got on? hand, on nose, load on? back, put something on? head, on legs, on hands;

"indication of the point of contact with the support" , For example: lie down on back, fall on? back, on hands on? head, stand on? legs, on hands on? head;

"within the specified period" (with units of time), for example: stock up (stretch, enough) for? year, on day, on night, on winter, take a loan for? year and so on.;

"indication of the measure of difference" , For example: on the? a year older, on? the day before, on head up and so on.;

3) in combination with a preposition By (with dative case) - with the meaning of this preposition "on the surface, within" (about movement), for example: walk on? semi, by field, by yard, walk around? forest, fly through? the sky, swim across? sea, crumble over? semi, by forest.

With other meanings of these prepositions, stress transfer may not occur, for example:

A) to take something for a mountain, for a river, for a leg, for winter, he is valued for his head, for his hands, a reward for his head, I fear for his hair, for head, for the legs;

b) pay attention to the hands, to the legs, to the nose, to the floor, to the day, despite the night, to the winter, the land tax;

V) longing for the sea, for the sky, judging by the yard?, for the forest, everyone got the field.

Stress transfer usually does not occur, if in a phrase a noun is followed by a word or words explaining it (subordinate to it or connected with it by a coordinating link), for example:

A) across the Ural River, for a year and two months, for a year of hard work, for a day of his duty, holding on to the hand of a comrade, took hold of his father's shoulders;

b) on Mount Yaman-Tau, put a load on the back of a porter, put a hat on the head of a neighbor, older by a year and two months;

V) around the yard? hotels, on the snow and ice of the Gulf of Finland, on the Laptev Sea.

2. Stress in the forms of adjectives.

1) the stress goes to the ending in the short form of the feminine: loud, loud?, loud, loud, loud, louder; to? long, long?, to? long, to? lies, more; bad? th, bad?, bad? ho, bad? hi; heavy, heavy?, heavy, heavy; right(no full form) right?, right? in, right? you;

2) the stress passes to the ending in the short form of the feminine gender and to the suffix of the comparative degree: glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious, glorious; whole, whole, whole, whole, whole, whole, whole; satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying, satisfying; fast, fast, fast?, fast, fast, fast; young, young, young, young, young, young, young;

3) the stress moves to the ending in the short form of the feminine gender and plural (as an equal option), as well as to the suffix of the comparative degree: poor, poor, poor?, poor, poor, poor? pale, pale, pale?, pale, pale, pale?, paler; important, important, important, important, important, important, important; true, true, true, true, true, true, true; free(free) , free, free?, free, free?, free? e, slim, slim, slim?, slim, slim?, slim? e;

4) movable stress accompanied by alternation yo And e: distant, far, far?, far? And far, far? And far, yes? more; cheap, cheap, cheap?, cheap, cheap, cheap? tough, tough, tough?, tough, tough, tougher; easy, easy, easy?, easy?, easy?, lighter; dark, dark, dark?, dark?, dark?, dark?e; clear, clear, clear? And clear, clear, clear, clear .

3. Difficulties in placing stress in verb forms(indefinite form, personal forms, participles, participles):

1) verbs ending in - ing with indefinite stress on the last syllable: bombarded, bombarded, bombarded; engraving, engraving, engraved; make-up, make-up, make-up; reward, reward, reward; to form, form, form, formed; costumed, costumed, armored(armor), armored, armored; bathroom; corrugated, corrugated, corrugated; grouping, grouping, grouped; sealing;

2) root verbs call for: called?, called? lo, called?, called? but, called? called? l, called?, called? lo, called? called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called, called;

3) verbs with a root rub: rubbed, rubbed, rubbed, rubbed? and admissible rubbed, rubbed ; the same stress pattern in verb forms wipe, wipe ;

4) verbs lock up, unlock: for? per, locked?, for? perlo, for? locked, for? first, locked? in and admissible for?pershi, locked?locked, locked?locked, locked?, locked?locked, locked?locked; o?tper, unlocked?, o?tperlo, o?tperli, o?tpershiy, unlocked? and admissible open?, open, open, open, open, open, open . The same stress pattern for the verb die , except for the form dead , where the stress falls on the root vowel;

5) verbs remove, borrow, understand, accept, undertake, take away, take over and verb begin : With took off, took off ?, took off? lo, took off, took off? busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy, busy; similar stress pattern in verb forms accept And undertake; understand, understood, understood?, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood, understood?, understood, understood; take away, o? took away and admissible took away? l, took away?, about? took away and admissible taken away? lo, oh? taken away and admissible taken away, taken away, taken away? in, taken away, taken away, taken away ?, taken away, taken away; take over, take over and admissible adopted? l, adopted?, adopted and admissible adopted? lo, adopted and admissible adopted, adopted, adopted, adopted? in, adopted, adopted, adopted, adopted ?, adopted, adopted; start;

6) verbs depart, arrive: ubu? du, ubu? desh, ubu? ; the same stress pattern in verb forms arrive ;

7) verbs with a root give (you?give, publish, transmit, sell, surrender ); in verb you?give in all forms, the stress falls on the prefix; publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish, publish , and? issued, and? issued, published? and admissible And?building, and? building, and? building ; similar stress pattern in verb forms sell ; Phand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over, hand over and admissible handed over? l, handed over?, handed over and admissible handed over, handed over and admissible handed over, handed over, handed over? to, handed over, handed over, handed over? and admissible handed over, handed over, handed over; give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up, give up and admissible gave up .

PREPARATION OF THE TEXT FOR AUDIO

§ 242. Pausing

The study of the basic rules of Russian literary pronunciation, the analysis of “difficult cases” of placing stress in words and grammatical forms, an attentive, thoughtful attitude to the sounding side of speech are necessary prerequisites for independent work on improving the culture of oral speech. But the acquired orthoepic information only partially ensures the successful preparation of a public speech, the ability to pronounce (or read) a complete voluminous text of a message, report, speech, report, etc. The methodological recommendations proposed below can be taken into account in the process of the speaker's preliminary work on the text of the speech.

1. Pausing- the division of a sounding phrase into smaller speech segments (speech measures, or syntagmas) is one of the most important features of sounding speech. Another feature is the presence of pauses that naturally occur at the boundaries of speech measures and individual phrases.

speech beat, or syntagma, is the minimum content unit. The sentence in sounding speech is perceived by the listener and translated from one language to another in separate speech measures. Different division of the phrase into speech measures can interpret the meaning of the sentence in different ways, for example: "Execution cannot be pardoned" , in which two pause options are possible: 1) Execute / cannot be pardoned ; 2) You can not execute / pardon . Or: 1) Need to study / work / and rest ; 2) We must learn to work / and rest .

2. Correct pausing, i.e., the correct division of the text into phonetic phrases, and phrases into speech measures, is the first stage in preparing the text for voicing. Although the sound segment between pauses (syntagma) can be of various lengths, its average length is usually seven syllables. But the speech tact (syntagma) has a relatively complete meaning and a certain syntactic design. For example: On the banks of the Moskva River, / opposite the Southern Port of the capital, / a modern residential area has grown. / Pauses divide this simple sentence into separate phrases. Another example: In order to divide speech into measures, / stops are needed, / or, in other words, / logical pauses. This complex sentence is divided into simple ones (pause after the word so you ), simple - for phrases. Thus, thoughtful pausing helps the logical analysis of individual sentences, complex syntactic wholes (see Ch. XLIX), the entire completed text.

3. In Russian, orientation to punctuation marks can serve as the basis of the correct pausing of the text. So, in a simple sentence with separate participial, adverbial, comparative phrases, introductory and interstitial sentences, appeals, punctuation marks that highlight these syntactic constructions are signals for a pause. For example: On the southwestern outskirts of the US capital / - Washington, / where Highway No. 95, / leading south from the city, / crosses the muddy Potomac River on two bridges, / opposite Arlington Cemetery, / there is a building of grayish reinforced concrete. / /

Note. A pause may be absent with isolated single introductory words and single gerunds: The adoption of a new law is, of course, necessary; When you leave, turn off the light.

4. Pausing in cases where there are no punctuation marks:

1) between the subject group and the predicate group: A road trip across America/is like a trip across the ocean// (I. Ilf, E. Petrov);

2) after circumstantial words, usually with the meaning of place, time, reason, and also after additions at the beginning of the sentence: On one of the autumn evenings of 1969 / in the editorial office of the newspaper Pravda / about “One-story America” a conversation turned at a meeting of young satirists / /(Shatunovsky, Strelnikov);

3) before the union And , if with three or more homogeneous members it combines the last two: Occasionally / we met farms scattered throughout the steppe-prairie, / with the obligatory red barn, / silo tower /And a mighty hundred-year-old tree in front of the porch of the house (Shatunovsky, Strelnikov).

5. Psychological pause arises in addition to the logical and is possible when the speaker wants to highlight a word in particular, to draw the attention of listeners to it. In the second case, we can talk about the ability to "keep a pause", which is owned by actors and experienced speakers.

Below is the text prepared for the speech with preliminary markup of pauses. red oblique lines(/) (in texts a continuous oblique line) indicate obligatory pauses, blue oblique lines (¦ ) (dashed line in texts) - possible, optional.

For Vysotsky¦ there are no forbidden topics, / he fearlessly, / with defiant courage / wrote and sang about everything / that worried him. / But it was that freedom / which is provided morally, / by an accurate attitude to the subject¦ or phenomenon. / Vysotsky ¦ not just fixes, / transmits, / reflects the drama of life. / He is dramatic himself, / by the nature of his subjectivity, / individuality, / talent. / / Everything / that he did, / and everything that he succeeded, /- this is from restlessness, / from a feeling of anxiety that did not leave him.//

Dramatic, / in the words of A. S. Pushkin, / is connected with “passions¦ and outpourings of the human soul”. / In full accordance¦ with this precise observation! / Vysotsky¦ at the very time / when half-whisper dominated, / on the one hand , / and pop noise / - on the other hand, / began to speak and sing in an “open voice”, / passionately, / angrily, / sometimes turning into a cry. / / So, / as people sing at home, / in a free, / relaxed , / environment not constrained by strict rules. / /(V. Tolstykh, In the mirror of creativity).

§ 243. Intonation of the text

The expressive sound of the text is facilitated not only by the correct pausing, but also by the correct, natural intonation that meets the requirements of the traditionally established literary norm.

There are two main types of intonation in Russian: ascending(with rising tone) and descending(with decreasing tone). Rising intonation can also be called the intonation of incompleteness, and descending- intonation of completeness.

A special rise in tone, accompanied by an increase in word stress, a greater intensity of the stressed syllable, is called logical stress. It is used to make sense of a word or phrase in a sentence. There is a certain pattern between the ways of intonation and punctuation marks, on the one hand, and the semantic relationships in the sentence, on the other.

1. Falling intonation(decrease in tone), conditionally indicated in the texts by an icon (in the examples it is highlighted bold italic

1) point: Moscow. 7 October. Today, the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts opened an exhibition dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Marina Tsvetaeva;

2) ellipsis(if it denotes the completion of a thought): "Petersburg is taken Finns... Kolchak took Syzran. Tsaritsyn…” (Bunin);

3) comma in non-union and compound sentences with enumerative relations between parts: “In July evenings and nights, the quail no longer screams and corostels, nightingales do not sing in forest ravines, does not smell flowers. day longing forgotten, everything is forgiven, and the steppe easily inhales the wide breastfeeding…» (Chekhov);

4) semicolon(the pause between parts is longer than with a comma);

5) colon in a simple sentence: The company needs workers: locksmiths, turners, millers; in a complex sentence: And my request is next: take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language… (Turgenev).

2. Rising intonation(raising the tone), conventionally indicated in the texts by the icon (in the examples it is highlighted bold), is required when the following punctuation marks are used:

1) exclamation mark: I beg attention! Please stop debate!;

2) question mark: What is the peculiarity of the modern stage of development societies?;

3) comma:

a) in a series of homogeneous members of a simple sentence, connected by connecting unions and yes (in meaning "And" ), or without conjunctions, is accompanied by the intonation of the same type of enumeration: The team crept up business, cheerful, vigorous. Everyone works with full bestowal and enthusiasm;

b) in a simple or complex sentence in the presence of adversatives ( but, but, however ), separating ( either ... or, then ... that, not that ... not that etc.), double comparative ( like…and; although ... but; if not...then etc.) of unions is accompanied by a heterogeneous, non-uniform intonation: the ascending intonation is replaced by a descending one: Mal spool, Yes roads. Is not Street, A avenue. In economics, there is no other choice: either force, or ruble ;

c) in a simple sentence with isolated members of the sentence: Editorial thanks readerswho sent their wishes. IN decisionadopted on meetingsummed up the results of the work. Despite the difficult weather conditions, the transcontinental flight took place;

d) in a simple sentence in the presence of introductory words and appeals, if they are allocated in a speech tact, i.e. accompanied by a pause: Reportedly printing, the visit of the head of government may not take place;

e) in a complex sentence on the border of its simple sentences: To me Seemsthat the style of translation will not be violated if we transmit foreign proverbs with moderation and tact Russiansthat correspond to them in content and style, especially in cases where the literal translation is clumsy and wordy(K. Chukovsky);

4) a dash in a simple sentence: Life live- not field go. On right- sea, left- mountains; in a complex sentence: Century live- century learn .

3. Rising intonation(raising the tone) is required in all cases when a pause at the boundaries of speech measures (syntagmas) occurs in the absence of a punctuation mark:

Oftenwe can still hear statement:/market in its purest form/no longer exists nowhere, / especially in industrial countries.// cruel delusion.// If not say/illiteracy¦and blindness.// Yes, / the state today / tries to correct everywhere market.// Yes,/monopolies/plan their production,/ are fighting for control of market.// But over market,/ but not over anything others!// …Nothing useful from Togo, / what's the story economyaccumulated for century, / the modern economy has not lost. // AND, add,/- can not lose.// For the market and social division labor/Not detachable.// And the deeper this division labor, /themes wider, /more branched¦ market.// A Means,/ and its tools:/money,/price,/taxes,/credit/currency well.// (N. Shmelev, Either strength or the ruble).

4. Logical stress(a special rise in tone, accompanied by the intensity of the sound of the stressed syllable, in texts) conventionally indicated by the icon (") (in the examples, the accented letter is highlighted bold), is allowed only when the semantic selection of the word and phrase in the phrase:

1) within one simple sentence, it is recommended to resort to logical stress no more than once, thus emphasizing new, important information for this statement, since the meaning of the message as a whole changes from a change in the place of logical stress. For example, a proposal Pushkin was born in Moscow can have three options for setting a logical stress, depending on what you need to pay attention to: a) PatShkin was born in Moscow; b) Pushkin familyAndwas in Moscow; V) Pushkin was born in Moscowe.

The presence of more than one logical stress in a simple sentence is allowed in a series of homogeneous members, if you need to emphasize each of them: Pushkin's draft is a precious documentent, in which all stAdii of the creative process, all of its lasteconsistency, all gradualenia;

2) in a connected text, logical stress helps the speaker to clearly distinguish the beginning of a new thought, emphasizes the auxiliary words that form the compositional beginnings: firstly, secondly, thus, so, of course, naturally, after all etc.;

3) stands out accented word class, the logical underlining of which is typical for public speaking, since with the help of them the speaker expresses his attitude to the subject of speech: very, completely, absolutely, not at all, again, again, earlier, always, annually, usually; is, no, it is impossible, it is possible, it should not be; important, little, much etc.;

4) stand out "reference points" text - words that name the object of speech; first of all, these are terms, as well as words that clarify the meaning of terms, explaining them.

Below is an excerpt from the article by N. Shmelev, divided into speech measures, containing intonational markings and logical stress with a focus on the pronunciation norms of public speech.

Legend:

(/) a continuous oblique line indicates mandatory pauses, (¦ ) a broken oblique line - for possible, optional pauses;

- falling intonation(decrease in tone);

- rising intonation(raising tone);

(") - logical stress (a special rise in tone, accompanied by the intensity of the sound of the stressed syllable, in texts).

Incorrect intonation, which can change the meaning of what was said to the opposite, can cause not only a family quarrel, but even a conflict between states. Due to the fact that a person does not know how to speak correctly and beautifully, and also makes mistakes in stress, he receives lower grades in exams than he deserves, or regularly fails in interviews with an employer. Ugly speech can be corrected if you try hard enough.

How to learn to speak beautifully and correctly: the technique of oratory

Is it possible to completely do without gestures?

The task of gestures is to emphasize the meaning of what was said. The speaker, whose hands are always in the same position, is surprising. The listeners begin to be interested in the question, what is with his hands, why are they lowered all the time? Therefore, gestures are necessary. But before starting to practice them, the future speaker must solve another problem - how to speak so that you are understood. You can answer the question of how to learn to speak beautifully in rhetoric courses or trainings. Unfortunately, they are not held everywhere. But you can try to learn how to speak beautifully on your own.

We speak without mistakes

The question of how to learn to speak correctly and beautifully is faced by many who have to speak in public or communicate with clients. Even the speech culture lessons that are available in many educational institutions do not always give a good result, especially if the educational institution does not pay too much attention to teaching literacy. Beautiful speech is distinguished primarily by literacy. Therefore, the first thing to find is audio books performed by a good professional actor and a dictionary of accents. Listen to books, noting which words you pronounce wrong. When preparing for a public speech, write down your speech, place the stresses and check the correctness in the dictionary. If you are in doubt about the grammatical forms of individual words, check them too.

A voice recorder can be very useful. Record each of your performances and listen, noting mistakes

Put on clothes, put on Hope

Even a very beautiful word inserted out of place can spoil the impression of your speech. Therefore, before learning how to speak correctly, analyze the most common usage mistakes. You can find them in any manual for actors or journalists of radio and television. For example, the Russian Speech on Air reference books are regularly published, listing the most typical mistakes that prevent TV reporters from speaking beautifully. If you find that you are using a word incorrectly, be careful and only use it when it is really necessary. Mnemonics can help you. One of the most common mistakes is the misuse of the words "put on" and "dress". You can put on something, dress - someone, but not vice versa.

"As if", "well" and "so to speak" - why are they needed?

Do not use anti-anxiety medications unless your doctor has prescribed them for you. Just convince yourself that you know perfectly well what you will be talking about, your opponents are friendly to you and will certainly listen to you.

Execution cannot be pardoned

Intonation can negate all the efforts of the speaker. Often the meaning of what was said depends precisely on intonation - remember at least the expression “well, yes, of course” in the meaning of “no, by no means.” It happens that you can’t understand at all from a phrase whether the interlocutor agrees with you or not, the sentence “yes, no, probably” can be interpreted as you like. Of course, the use of such ambiguous expressions in speech is inevitable, because the language is a living organism in which there are several lexical levels, words that previously belonged to the “high calm” can turn into everyday speech and vice versa. Archaism can sound solemn or comical, it all depends on how the speaker pronounces it. How to learn to speak correctly if you do not know the art of intonation? There is nothing impossible. The usual school analysis of the proposal will help. In the phrase you want to pronounce, highlight the main and secondary members of the sentence. Think about what is more important - the subject that is being spoken about, or its action and state. Maybe you want to emphasize some properties of this object or, say, make a special emphasis on the fact that it moves quickly? It depends on which word you will make the main emphasis, and on which - secondary. Try to read the first phrase from the textbook that comes across several times, changing intonation.

Speech is a wonderful and beautiful way to exchange and replenish information. Listening to the speech of a speaker who easily varies his verbal turns, you involuntarily begin to envy, and then think about how to learn how to speak beautifully.

Positive emotions that are present when talking with such a person are pushing you to do incredible things for your own development. In order not to hide the desire for an indefinite time, say: “I also want to speak beautifully,” and immediately start classes.

The conciseness of thought, the formed beautiful skill of speaking requires great patience, the allocation of a certain period of time, a change in an established lifestyle, and the recognition of permissible mistakes.

If you are ready to radically change the way you think, learning to listen to other people's recommendations is the right way. In the future, when the first successes are visible and the performance is accepted by the audience, a different training scheme can be developed.

Let's look at each tip in more detail below.

Arrangement of future words

Make it a rule to start each lesson with the phrase: “I dream, I want to speak beautifully.” , will surely turn into reality, and the right actions to promote the dream into life will take on a special mood.

So, let's move on to the first point, which will bring you closer to understanding the main task:

Sentence building is important for communication and comprehension. The narrator, communicating information to others, must mentally arrange the events in chronological order so as not to disturb the theme.
For people who do not have experience, thoughts can get confused, and the speech will turn out to be incoherent, illogical. Therefore, start a diary, where on the pages describe the dialogues you hear, interesting details, daytime reflections, intra-family relationships.
Paper, hiding ridiculous expressions, will gradually present a beautiful surprise. Lined beautiful statements will form sensible content with eloquent quotes, reasonable turns, logical phrases. The brain clogged with unnecessary "garbage", freeing itself from a large amount of news, stories, experiences, will give free rein to a new stream of thoughts, bringing you closer to the answer to the question: "How to learn to speak correctly and beautifully."

Vocabulary replenishment

When you see an unfamiliar word, be sure to determine its meaning. The explanatory dictionary gives their detailed explanatory characteristics, scope. With representatives of different professions, age-old categories and social strata, rare words have their own special position.

Accumulating new knowledge, the status increases, serious respect arises, interesting acquaintances are acquired. How to learn to speak beautifully is not worth an already unresolved dilemma, because a beautiful syllable and amazing phrases slip into your conversation, becoming an excellent foundation.

Reading books

Desire - I want to say beautifully - does not arise just like that. Classical works contribute to the emergence of clean, beautiful speech patterns laid down by famous writers.

Singing every word, playing with various acceptable combinations, the authors tried to convey to the reader harmony, uniqueness, and literacy.

The great language has remained an example for many generations, eager to learn and experience the pleasure of written plots, analyzes of the characteristics of characters, derived morality.

It is impossible, of course, to completely deny modern literature, which violates the stereotypes created over the centuries, giving youth, an unknown flow of air.

Any book encourages thinking, a person can quietly learn to think and speak differently. But comparing a classic and a modern novel, a connoisseur of how to learn to speak beautifully and competently will look with great respect at an old, worn binding.

Public performance

There comes a crucial moment when your speech is designed for a large audience:

Here it is desirable to think over all the dialogues, remarks. Write down the points of the plan. According to the plan, gradually develop the topic of conversation.
Record your speech on a voice recorder. Listening to the speech several times, you will notice weak expressions. Prepare your speech in advance so that there is enough time to correct the gaps and then the motto of the day: “I want to speak beautifully” will become an indispensable companion.
Learning to speak beautifully without an audience is impossible. The close environment gets used to the style of communication, does not notice errors in speech. Unfamiliar listeners will immediately react to an uninteresting story, show it with their behavior and noticeable noise. Before the performance, it is important to know the age characteristics of the upcoming interlocutors.
Consult with friends who have had to speak in public. Consider their beautiful performances, speech, mark key points, use the information received as a “magic wand”.
For expected questions, choose answers to learn how to direct the presentation in the right direction. Study books on the subject, write down catchphrases, famous quotes. Base your report on familiar names. With such a foundation, your presentation will take on a scientific and fundamental look.
The art of speaking requires compulsory training. Settle for a small and familiar audience at first. Having developed the skills of communicating with a group of people, gradually increase their number in order to learn how to change the flow of the conversation and the thematic focus.

The presence of gestures and facial expressions

A live conversation always involves movement of the hands and body. Dry presentation of material without a pronounced emotional color is boring, implausible.

The speaker, living the content of the speech, makes the audience join what is dear to him, close. It's not just clumsy swings. Every gesture he makes is beautiful and logical. Under the influence of sincerity, a rich, open dialogue of completely strangers is obtained.

It is useful to train gestures and facial expressions in front of a mirror. Shortcomings, some excesses in movements are immediately visible. An open, beautiful look helps to cope with unnecessary and stupid gestures that do not fit into the overall picture.

Sometimes the accompanying gestures seem out of place, defiant. But the cold expression on his face is prone to repulsion and misunderstanding. Find the harmony of the word, body, voice.

Tenacity and desire

I want to speak beautifully - this is not just a beautiful slogan. Long-term exercises repeated day after day will help you learn and lead to a positive result thanks to great desire, perseverance, and patience. Having a specific goal in mind, for which you deliberately forego a free hour, will be a guide to complex oratory.

Color your activities with games. For example, start describing any subject without stopping. It doesn't matter what you say. The main thing, excluding pauses, is to learn to speak without thinking. Gradually, the "nonsense" will develop into a coherent beautiful story. Detailing develops attention, speech, thinking. The attitude to the outside world is changing.

Cultivating Confidence

When there is no confidence, it is impossible to learn to speak beautifully. Fear squeezes the muscles, the voice begins to tremble treacherously.

To, try to seek advice from a specialist or read the literature on psychology. They will reveal the true reason, remove the clamps. The Internet is filled with manuals and training exercises, simple and clear.

Low self-esteem provokes unwillingness to overcome the feeling of fear. Such a deliverance seems impossible to a person and the impregnable barrier increases. Love everything you do. You need to learn how to work on yourself. Let go of the past, live here and now. Start your life story from a clean page.

Each voice is beautiful and unique. Don't be ashamed of it, whatever it is. Know how to enchant with the right presentation. The listener will accept any unusual timbre when the topic is accessible and interesting. Experiment. Say a simple sentence “I want to speak beautifully” in different ranges: high, low, medium. After varying, you will notice a special refinement and will happily note that your voice is the best.

Highlighting the main

In the art of speaking, the importance of contact with the audience is given. When a speech takes place, an experienced speaker instantly feels any deviation from the intended course of the narrative, and corrects himself in time.

I want to speak beautifully - a wonderful start to the beautiful world of culture and ethics. Watching your speech, you can learn to speak without unnecessary words, become well-mannered, smart, literate.

During the classes, save the recordings recorded on the recorder, write out a beautiful verbal turnover and use it when you compose the next speech.

The ability to speak beautifully distinguishes a person from the crowd and gives him advantages. He is capable of doing great things, leading the crowd. Let the desire - I want to speak beautifully, forever turn the mind and give strength in performances.

Instruction

Look for any opportunity to practice your speech. To do this, you can refer to your professional activities: students can join the scientific community and speak in public with research papers. And if you work in an office, you can always ask your superiors to entrust you with the preparation of a report or report, which you will also present to your colleagues.

Practice spontaneity. Speaking without preparation seems very difficult at first, but in the future it will help you improve your speech and make it fluent. To do this, meet and communicate with new people more often. Learn to quickly select a topic for conversation depending on the situation, as well as quickly respond to the interlocutor's remarks.

Learn the grammar and syntactic norms of the Russian language if you have problems with the correct or individual phrases. If you are having difficulty finding the right words, then you can read various dictionaries and lexical collections. Be sure to pay attention to the stress in the words.

Read more books. It's best to do it out loud. In addition to greatly improving your vocabulary, you will learn how to focus on the right words when talking to other people, and how to speak and express yourself more clearly.

Use standard speech exercises used by announcers, politicians and other people who need to learn and be fluent. Say various tongue twisters quickly and out loud (you can complicate the exercise by putting a small object in your mouth or saying tongue twisters on the run). Speak while looking at your reflection in the mirror, imagining that you are talking to another person or the audience. Read reports and give a speech in front of your friends or relatives.

Try not to stutter, don't swallow words, keep an even . At the same time, add emotionality to your speech: use more interrogative and exclamatory sentences, often refer to quotes from famous people. You can even add a little humor. All this will make your speech truly beautiful and free.

Maintain eye contact

When you communicate with someone one on one, you always look at your interlocutor, even if you constantly look away. This allows you to evaluate up to him, as well as whether he hears what you are saying to him. This is a natural part of communication between two interlocutors. However, when communicating with a group, some people get lost, they look at the floor, around or somewhere in the distance. As a result, the volume of their voice does not match the situation.

When communicating with the audience, try to maintain contact with its individual member, behave as if you are talking to him. Adjust yours depending on his reaction (is he far from you, can he hear you, etc.). Then shift your gaze to the other participant in the conversation and talk to him. By shifting your attention to a particular person, you increase the volume of your voice in a natural way, because. trying to get your point across to him.

If you're uncomfortable talking to people you don't know, ask your friends to listen to you and then ask them if they heard you well.

Get rid of nervousness

The reason for the quiet voice may be that you are lost or nervous in the company of a large number. In this case, even the ability to breathe properly will not help to make your voice louder. First of all, make it a rule not to try to seek approval for your words from each group. This is something to strive for, but it is not mandatory, your goal is to get your message across to the group as a whole.

Stop thinking about what others might think of you or your words. Focus on your speech, tell yourself in advance that not everyone will agree with your words. This will give you confidence and relieve nervousness. At the same time, the volume of your voice will become natural and, subject to proper breathing, will be quite high.

Orthoepy in Greek means "correct speech". But it should be noted that the term itself has two meanings. The first of these is the norms of the language, among which are pronunciation and supersegment. And the second meaning is that this is one of the sections of linguistics that studies the basic rules of oral speech.

Features of the definition of the concept

Until now, the scope of this concept has not been fully established. There are linguists who consider it very narrowly. They invest in the definition and norms of oral speech, and the rules by which grammatical ones are formed. For example: candles - candles, heavier - heavier, etc. Other experts argue that orthoepy is the correct pronunciation of words and stress in them.

Orthoepy and its sections

As mentioned above, this is a section of phonetics. It covers the entire phonetic system of the Russian language. The subject of study of this science is the norms of pronunciation of words. The concept of "norm" means that there is one correct option that fully complies with the main laws of the language and the pronunciation system.

The main sections of this science are the following:

1. Norms of pronunciation of consonants and vowels.

2. Pronunciation of words that are borrowed from other languages.

3. Pronunciation of some grammatical forms.

4. Features of pronunciation styles.

Why are speech rules needed?

Orthoepic or pronunciation norms are necessary in order to serve the literary Russian language - the one that a cultured and educated person uses in speech and writing. Such a speech unites all those who speak Russian. They are also necessary in order to overcome the differences in communication that exist between people. Moreover, along with grammatical and spelling, orthoepic norms are no less important. It is difficult for people to perceive speech that differs from the pronunciation to which they are accustomed. They begin to analyze how the interlocutor says, instead of delving into the meaning of what was said. Linguistics distinguishes the concepts of colloquial and literary speech. People who have a high level of intelligence, higher education, use the literary language in communication. It is also used for writing fiction, newspaper and magazine articles, television and radio broadcasting.

Basic meaning

A lot of people today do not understand the meaning of the word "orthoepy" and do not pay much attention to it. In their communication, they use a dialect that is spoken by many residents of the area in which they live. And as a result, they pronounce words incorrectly, put stress on the wrong syllables. Very often, when communicating, you can determine the type of human activity and his intelligence. Educated people will pronounce [document] and not [document], as is often heard on the street.

Tasks and goals of science

It is important to note that orthoepy is a science whose main task is to teach the correct pronunciation of sounds and the placement of stress. Quite often in you can hear [colidor] instead of [corridor]. The sound [t] in the word computer is pronounced softly by many. When the stress is incorrectly placed, speech is distorted and becomes ugly. Especially often people of very old age sin with this. They were brought up at a time when educated citizens were not perceived by society, and incorrect, distorted speech was in vogue. Orthoepy is necessary in order to help speak beautifully and correctly. This is necessary not only for teachers and writers - today many people want to be educated. Therefore, this science seeks to teach everyone to clearly pronounce sounds and correctly place stress in words. Today, literate people are in demand in the labor market. The person who has the right speech has every chance of becoming a politician, a successful businessman, or simply building a good career. Russian orthoepy is now very important for the majority of the inhabitants of our country, and they are paying more and more attention to it.

Basic Rules

Unfortunately, errors are often heard in speech delivered from the TV screen. Many celebrities or politicians put the wrong emphasis on words. Some speak so consciously, while others are not even aware that they have pronounced the word incorrectly. Avoiding such misunderstandings is very simple - you must first use the dictionary. Or you can read the rules that orthoepy offers. Words in Russian sometimes have several pronunciations. For example, the stress in the word alphabet may be on the second or third syllable. Also, before the sound [e], consonants can be pronounced differently. But dictionaries always indicate the main variant and the valid one. Scientists-philologists very carefully study all the norms and rules. Before approving a certain pronunciation, they check how common it is, what connection it has with the cultural heritage of all generations. Equally important is the extent to which this option corresponds to certain linguistic laws.

Pronunciation styles

We found out that orthoepy is a science that pays special attention to pronunciation. Now it should be noted that there are certain ones that are used for communication in society:

Colloquial vernacular is characterized by an informal atmosphere, it is used by people to communicate in a close circle;

In scientific circles, the book style is used, its distinguishing feature is the clear pronunciation of sounds and phrases;

Who know the orthoepic rules well, own the literary style.

In order to easily master the literary language, there are certain norms that are divided into main sections: the pronunciation of consonants and vowels, grammatical word forms and borrowed words.

Phonetics and orthoepy

The Russian language is very rich and varied. There is a lot of information about how to pronounce words correctly and put stress in them. In order to understand all the phonetic patterns, you need to have special knowledge that will help you figure it all out.
The main difference is that orthoepy is a science that distinguishes the only variant of pronunciation of sounds that complies with the norms, and phonetics allows for various options.

Examples of correct pronunciation

For clarity, it is necessary to give examples that will help to clearly define the rules of pronunciation. So, in front of the sound [e], consonants can be pronounced both hard and soft. For this, there are orthoepic norms that remind you of which words you need to pronounce sounds firmly, and which ones softly. For example, in the words declaration, temperament, museum[t] is pronounced softly. And in words dean and pace- firmly. The same is true with the combination of sounds [ch]. Phonetic laws allow you to pronounce it as it is written, or to replace it with [shn] (sku [ch] o, sku [shn] o). And in accordance with orthoepic norms, only [boring] should be pronounced. This science is also strict in the case of stress. So, you need to say not [alphabet], but [alphabet], not [kitchen], but [kitchen], not [ringing], but [ringing]. Knowledge of these rules is very important for a modern person, as it is an indicator of the level of culture of both an individual and society as a whole.

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