RRS Ufa

UDC 621.317.3

OBTAINING INFORMATION ON THE STATE AND PARAMETERS OF COMPLEX HEAT-DEPENDENT OBJECTS

V. G. Gusev, A. Yu. Demin, T. V. Mirina

The issues of creating measuring systems for estimating the parameters of complex heat-dependent objects are considered. The research results are discussed.

Key words: measuring systems, measuring transducers, diagnostics, heat-dependent objects, specified electrical power.

Heat-dependent objects are those devices whose parameters depend on the power with which they are affected and the time during which the state of thermodynamic equilibrium occurs in the system, i.e., on the energy expended to obtain a new state of the object. These include both temperature-dependent elements and devices with non-linear current-voltage characteristics (CVC). Essentially, the terms "nonlinearity" and "heat dependence" characterize the same property of a physical body. Any real-life object with a nonlinear I–V characteristic is classified as a heat-dependent object, and any heat-dependent object has a nonlinearity in the I–V characteristic. At the conceptual level, the difference in these terms is quantitative.

With rapidly observed manifestations, one speaks of a nonlinearity in the object, and with slow manifestations, one speaks of a temperature dependence. In this article, this distinction is not made, but the single term "heat-dependent object" is used, regardless of the period of time during which the object's properties are revealed. Moreover, the phenomenological reasons for the manifestation of thermal dependence or nonlinearity are not considered.

In real-life heat-dependent objects, which include semiconductor devices, devices containing liquids, as well as living systems and organisms, it is necessary to evaluate the parameters characterizing their state or compliance with the declared properties and characteristics. With their help, certification is carried out and suitability for use for a specific purpose is determined. In biological objects, according to the values ​​of the parameters, they try to determine the causes due to which deviations from the normal functioning of the organism occurred, i.e., diagnostics are performed based on the principles of maximum likelihood.

To obtain information about the state of complex systems, their equivalent circuit is usually considered and a measuring circuit is created, with the help of which it is possible to estimate the value or range of changes in the value

values ​​of the element that is most important for evaluating the properties or state of this object.

In the case of heat-dependent objects, the task is complicated by the fact that stable and reproducible results can only be obtained if the energy modes created by the measuring circuits are stable and unchanged for any object of this type, and the transient processes of establishing the state due to the energy interaction of the object with the measuring circuit, end by the time the result is obtained. The latter indicates that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium has come, in which there is a balance between the external energy introduced into the object and the energy taken from it. Only in equilibrium and certainty with the thermodynamic state of the system can reproducible results be obtained, and it becomes possible to quantify and normalize the values ​​of the corresponding parameters.

In technical objects, the problem of thermal dependence of parameters is circumvented by introducing into them during measurements the minimum amount of energy that could change their basic properties, and by stabilizing the conditions under which they are evaluated. With regard to objects of wildlife, this is much more difficult to do due to the large dynamic range in which sensitivity to external influences is manifested (up to 1012), the uncertainty with the threshold value, after which the thermal dependence begins to appear, a large number of artifacts that distort the information received. It is not possible to obtain objective and reproducible information about their parameters or state without taking into account the actual thermal dependence of technical devices and especially living objects.

Let us explain the stated idea with an example. During the 1960s and 1990s, electronics experts tried to create diagnostic devices that would evaluate the condition of acupuncture points (TA) used for acupuncture. According to their parameters, diagnostics and

66 _ Beepvogv & Vuvgetv No. 8.2009

О 100 200 3 00 I, μA

Rice. 1. View of the CVC of the skin (1) and at the acupuncture point (2)

I-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-

100 300 600 900 1200 R, µW

0 300 600 900 1200 R, μW b)

Rice. 2. CVC at the acupuncture point (a) and for the skin (b), rearranged in the coordinates R = f(P)

optimize treatment regimens. Numerous conferences were held, doctoral dissertations were defended, devices for assessing the electrical conductivity of TA and diagnostic systems based on them were produced and are being produced. But they did not receive recognition from the scientific medical community due to poor reproducibility of the results obtained. It is now clear that positive results could not be obtained due to the fact that any living organism is a complex non-linear heat-dependent system. So, the I–V characteristics of the section between two electrodes, obtained in the thermodynamic equilibrium mode, including with the measuring circuit, have the form

shown in fig. 1. Moreover, curve 1 characterizes the CVC for the skin, and curve 2 - for the acupuncture point.

I–V characteristics, rearranged in the coordinates R = /(P), where R is the resistance of the zone between the electrodes, P is the electrical power dissipated in this area, are shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen here that the value of the resistance between the two electrodes varies significantly depending on the electrical power dissipated during measurements by the measuring circuit. Thus, the electrical resistance in TA varies from 510 kΩ at a dissipation power P = 50 μW to 41 kΩ at a power P = 1980 μW. For the skin outside the TA, the resistance varies from 1400 kOhm at P = 35 µW to 5700 kOhm at P = 275 µW and 70 kOhm at P = 2800 µW.

Estimated resistance values ​​at one of the acupuncture points, obtained by processing the data given in the work, are presented in the table. The given data clearly show that for heat-dependent objects, the results obtained are highly variable and depend on the electric power at which they were evaluated. Consequently, any normalization of the values ​​of the electrical parameters of heat-dependent objects is possible and rational only for cases where the value of the electrical power involved in the process of interaction with it is clearly defined. Moreover, if the result is obtained during a short time of interaction with the measuring circuit with a shorter duration of setting the parameters than is necessary to establish the state of thermodynamic equilibrium, then the data obtained will characterize the state of thermodynamic equilibrium in the system that existed before the connection of the measuring circuit. After a period of time, determined by the object's own properties, the process of establishing a new state of thermodynamic equilibrium will occur. The obtained data will characterize the properties of the object in the new thermodynamic state of equilibrium.

From this follow the following conclusions:

The parameters of a heat-dependent object should be determined using technical means that

The values ​​of resistance in the TA and outside the TA zone, depending on the value of the electric power P (P = O/)

At the zu-san-li point Outside the acupuncture points

R, μW R, kΩ R, μW R, kΩ

300 330 171 2100

552 130 230 2300

1260 39 950 3800

1980 41 1020 283

there is a constant known thermodynamic perturbation in the object;

The duration of the thermodynamic perturbation should be such that the state of thermodynamic equilibrium is established in the object, therefore, the results obtained for a certain time will depend on the value of the energy A = P-1, which is introduced into the heat-dependent object.

Only when these circumstances are taken into account, it is possible to create devices that allow obtaining stable, reproducible and metrologically reliable information about the properties of a heat-dependent object or its state.

However, if a heat-dependent object has a rather complex internal structure, then the amount of information obtained using technical means operating in the mode of a given value of the electric power of interaction with the measurement object will not be enough for an unambiguous interpretation of the causes of the deviations that have arisen, i.e., identification of the main indicators of "black box", which is the object of research. To increase the reliability of the assessment, it is necessary to use the operations of interaction between the object and the source, which ensures the dissipation of a constant average value of electric power in the load (in this case, the frequency of exposure may vary). This will give certainty and reproducibility of the electrical regime in which information about the parameters of the heat-dependent element is obtained.

Additional information about the state of a heat-dependent object is provided by measurements of the properties of the object in the idle mode of the electrodes and when they are short-circuited, in which the electric current flowing in the circuit is measured. When using a combination of these modes, carried out in a certain sequence, it is possible to obtain a large amount of information about the parameters and the state of heat-dependent objects. Moreover, the metrological reliability of information will be much greater than is currently obtained using traditional approaches and applied methods. To obtain the maximum amount of information about the properties of a heat-dependent object, which in the general case can be classified as electrically active, it is advisable to carry out assessments in the following modes:

Idling measuring

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FEATURES OF CONSTRUCTION OF DEVICES FOR LOCAL QUASI-RESONANT IMPACT ON A BIOORGANISM

GUSEV VLADIMIR GEORGIEVICH, MIRINA TATYANA VLADIMIROVNA - 2004

The work on organizing operational services begins with the fact that an employee of the operational unit who has received an industry (zone, line of work) in operational service must know how many and which enterprises (institutions, organizations) are located in the service area. Next, the employee proceeds to analyze the state of the operational situation. In general terms, the content of the operational situation includes the following groups of factors:

geographic;

climatic;

economic;

socio-demographic;

criminogenic;

the presence of operational-search and other forces and means that the subject of analysis has.

This set of characteristics is used mainly by management structures. For the operational staff of law enforcement agencies, as a rule, it is necessary to analyze the operational situation at the serviced object (group of objects), territory or line of work. In this regard, the content of the operational situation is significantly narrowed and includes only the following factors:

Socio-economic characteristics;

Criminogenic situation;

Forces and means of an operational officer of a law enforcement agency.

As a result of the analysis of the operational situation in a certain territory The employee must receive the following information:

1. By socio-economic characteristics:

economic potential (number of enterprises, institutions, organizations, direction of their economic activity);

industrial and other relations; entrepreneurial activity of the population;

the position of socially weakly protected categories of citizens; the level of tax collection;

availability and condition of communications, etc.

2. According to the criminogenic situation:

Structure, level, dynamics and proportion of crime;

The presence and nature of the activities of persons of operational interest;

The prevalence of administrative offenses; criminological characteristics of persons committing offenses;

State of conservation of property; conditions conducive to the commission of crimes, etc.;

3. Forces and means of an operative law enforcement agency:

Availability and quality characteristics of confidential employees;

The list of subjects with which the detective interacts, and forms of interaction;

Technical equipment of an operational officer, etc.

The study of:

Production technologies, accounting procedures, spending, transportation, storage of these funds;

Data regarding financially responsible and other persons who have direct access to drugs, sources of their material security, its correspondence to the income received; lifestyle, connections, the presence of a criminal record and other materials indicating the probable criminal activity of the inspected;

Materials of audits of economic activities of enterprises and institutions, claims for the supply of raw materials and finished products; other documents related to the production, acquisition, storage, destruction, release and consumption of drugs;

Structures and procedures for the implementation of the protection of enterprises, institutions, organizations and other objects, the implementation of access control on them;

The procedure for the selection and placement of personnel directly related to drug operations.

Employees of law enforcement agencies during the operational search activities at drug production and storage facilities should be aimed at identifying:

Drug addicts, drug users See the Unified Departmental Glossary of Terms Used in Estimating the Scale of Distribution and Illicit Use of Drugs. - M.: FSKN, 2006., persons previously convicted of embezzlement of state property and drug-related crimes, among financially responsible and other persons with access to drugs;

Prescriptions for fictitious patients and persons who are not prescribed medical drug use;

Cases of replacing drugs in ampoules and other containers with other means;

Facts of misappropriation of drugs due to their fictitious write-off for scientific research or treatment of oncological or other categories of patients;

False documents for the destruction of drug-containing medicines with expired shelf life and facts of misappropriation of such medicines;

Operative and other information about the appearance of a consignment of narcotic drugs in illicit circulation in the served territory and taking measures to establish their quantity, volume, frequency of appearance, features of labeling, packaging, packaging.

Thus, the correct organization of operational work on the indicated objects in order to carry out preventive and operational-search activities cannot be ensured without a thorough study of the characteristics of their production activities, knowledge of the contingent of workers who are entrusted with operations with drugs, the state of preservation of state property at a particular enterprise.

In addition to the above enterprises involved in the production, storage, distribution and use of narcotic drugs, law enforcement agencies provide operational services to other facilities and territories, which include:

Joint-stock companies, agro-industrial complexes engaged in the cultivation of hemp;

Settlements where illegal sowing of crops prohibited for cultivation has been repeatedly recorded;

Settlements located near the arrays of wild-growing hemp;

Areas adjacent to transport communications located close to places of cultivation or wild growth of drug-containing plants;

Processing facilities See the Uniform Departmental Glossary of Terms Used in Assessing the Extent of Distribution and Illicit Drug Use. - M.: FSKN, 2006., storage, production of drug-containing raw materials.

Their operational service is aimed at revealing the facts of illegal poppy and hemp crops, identifying persons arriving in the area with the aim of stealing drug-containing plants from sown plantations or harvesting wild-growing hemp for further handicraft production of drugs, buyers of raw materials and homemade drugs.

Operational maintenance of territories and facilities is provided by a combination of the following organizational measures:

Study, analysis, assessment of the operational situation in the assigned territory or its separate parts;

Determination of operational service modes for specific facilities and territories;

Organization of a system for collecting information of operational interest;

Planning operational-search and other measures to prevent and solve drug-related crimes.

A comprehensive analysis and assessment of the current situation allows operational law enforcement officers to make adequate decisions for the implementation of interaction between various services and units.

Operational maintenance of objects and territories is impossible without planning and implementing a whole range of covert measures, the basis of which is the work on the selection and placement of covert apparatus.

Positive results in the fight against the drug business are achieved where they skillfully organize the selection and placement of covert sources of information. This contributes to the creation of a stable secret apparatus that can provide effective assistance in the fight against drug crime.

Task. For many years, the Kirov rural construction plant (SSK) unloaded from barges to the banks of the river. Vyatka sand. The place of storage - the village of Krasnoye (within the city of Kirov) is located in the second zone of the sanitary protection zone of the city water intake.

The Kirov City Committee for Nature Protection ordered SSK to change the sand delivery technology and refused to agree on the allocation of a land plot for sand storage. The administration of the Novovyatsky district refused the SSK to allocate land for this purpose.

• - on what legal grounds is economic activity carried out in the village of Krasnoe;
• -- what does SSK do to protect the environment;

During the year, the SSK management did not respond to these and repeated similar requests from the Company and citizen S., in connection with which they filed statements of claim (separately) with the court at the location of the defendant to protect the right to receive environmental information.

The court refused to accept the claims.

The former deputy chairman of the Society, citizen K. (by that time not working in the Society) also requested information from the SSC and, having not received a response, filed a claim with the SSC for information, referring to Art. 24 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" dated February 20, 1995

What rights of citizens and public associations have been violated?

Are there legal grounds for protecting violated rights in court?

In what form should the protection of the right to information be carried out: in the form of proceedings on a complaint against the actions of officials or in the form of action proceedings?

What steps would you advise citizens and their associations to take in this or a similar situation to most effectively protect their environmental rights?

Solve the case.

Solution

Art. 42 of the CRF, everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for damage caused to his health or property by an environmental offense. In addition, for the protection of violated rights in court, there are the following grounds:

Article 3) provides for the basic principle “observance of the right of everyone to receive reliable information about the state of the environment, as well as the participation of citizens in decision-making regarding their rights to a favorable environment, in accordance with the law”

Article 12 Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" of January 10, 2002 N 7-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law of 09.05.2005 N 45-FZ). Rights and obligations of public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection

1. Public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection have the right to:

develop, promote and implement programs in the field of environmental protection in accordance with the established procedure, protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens in the field of environmental protection, involve citizens on a voluntary basis in the implementation of activities in the field of environmental protection;

at the expense of own and borrowed funds, carry out and promote activities in the field of environmental protection, reproduction of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety;

render assistance to state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments in resolving issues of environmental protection;

organize meetings, rallies, demonstrations, marches and pickets, collect signatures for petitions and take part in these events in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, make proposals for holding referendums on environmental protection issues and discussing projects related to environmental protection;

apply to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, other organizations and officials about obtaining timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment, about measures for its protection, about the circumstances and facts of economic and other activities that pose a threat to the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

participate in the prescribed manner in the adoption of economic and other decisions, the implementation of which may have a negative impact on the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

apply to state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local authorities and other organizations with complaints, applications, claims and proposals on issues related to environmental protection, negative impact on the environment, and receive timely and reasonable answers;

organize and conduct hearings in accordance with the established procedure on issues of design, placement of facilities, the economic and other activities of which may harm the environment, pose a threat to the life, health and property of citizens;

organize and conduct, in accordance with the established procedure, a public environmental review;

submit to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, the court an appeal to cancel decisions on the design, placement, construction, reconstruction, operation of facilities whose economic and other activities may have a negative impact on the environment, on restriction, suspension and termination of economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment;

sue in court for damages to the environment;

exercise other rights provided by law.

2. Public and other non-profit associations, when carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, are obliged to comply with the requirements in the field of environmental protection.

Article 24 of the Federal Law "On Information, Informatization and Information Protection" of February 20, 1995 N 24-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law of 10.01.2003 N 15-FZ) .

1. Denial of access to open information or provision of deliberately false information to users may be appealed in court.

Non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of obligations under a supply, purchase and sale agreement, other forms of exchange of information resources between organizations are considered by an arbitration court.

In all cases, persons who are denied access to information, and persons who have received false information, have the right to compensation for the damage they have suffered.

• 2. The Court considers disputes about the unreasonable classification of information as information with restricted access, claims for damages in cases of unreasonable refusal to provide information to users or as a result of other violations of users' rights.
• 3. Heads, other employees of public authorities, organizations guilty of illegally restricting access to information and violating the information protection regime, are liable in accordance with criminal, civil and administrative law.

Therefore, it is best and more weighty to protect the right of citizens to information in the form of lawsuit proceedings.

For the most effective protection of their environmental rights, one should file a complaint or an application for bringing the perpetrators to administrative responsibility to higher instances of the prosecutor's office and the court.

environmental law information environment

Literature

• 1. Brinchuk M.M. Environmental law (environmental law): Textbook. Moscow: Yurist, 1999. 688 p.
• 2. Erofeev B.V. Russian Environmental Law: Textbook. Moscow: Yurist, 1996. 624 p.
• 3. Bogolyubov S.A. Environmental law. Textbook for high schools. M.: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA-M, 1998. 448 p.
• 4. Environmental law in Russia: Textbook / ed. V.D. Ermakova, A.Ya. Sukharev. M.: IMPE, 1997. 478 p.
• 5. Commentary on the Law of the RSFSR “On the Protection of the Environment” / ed. ed. S.A. Bogolyubov. M.: Publishing group INFRA-M-NORMA, 1997. 382 p.
• 6. Makovik R.S. Environmental law. Definitions, schemes, comments. Moscow: Manuscript, 1996. 88 p.

Many citizens do not know what rights they have in the field of health protection. Description of the fundamental rights of citizens. The right view on the safety of information that is not subject to disclosure. The patient's right to information about his health and treatment methods is enshrined in the legislation of the Russian Federation.

According to the legal aspect, the patient's right to information includes:

• the obligation of state bodies to create such conditions for people so that they have the opportunity to familiarize themselves with documents relating to civil rights and freedoms;
• the right to freely use lawful means of collecting, transmitting and disseminating information;
• the right to know the state of the environment and in the event of an adverse impact on health to receive compensation for damage;
• the responsibility of civil servants in case of concealment of factors that may pose a threat to human health.

If we consider the rights and obligations in the field of informing about personal data, we can distinguish the following:

• free receipt of information that affects information about another person only if this is part of the obligation;
• obtaining information related to the processing of his personal data;
• clarification of a person's personal data in cases where the information is outdated or it is not provided in full.

Legislative acts that operate in the field of health relations establish the following rights of people:

• the right of the patient to information about the state of health;
• share your health information with other selected individuals;
• have authorized access to information about their health that is held by a medical institution;
• obtaining accurate information needed in order to take measures to preserve health.

The last point concerns the general norms of possible danger from work, the environment in the settlement, and food safety.

Information on permission to process your personal data must be provided only if there is such a request from the proper persons with such authority.

This document contains:

• a link to an identity document;
• information that confirms the legitimacy and necessity of having access to personal data;
• signature and date of completion of the document.

A medical institution, an insurance company, for example, for the preparation and entry into force of a health insurance policy, can request permission to process personal data. All issues related to obtaining personal information about citizens are regulated by the articles of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Personal Data".

Citizens who applied to the hospital have the right to receive information about their state of health. Also, such information can be obtained by the attending physician, the representative of the insurer and the hospital. If the patient wants to exercise his right on his own, he needs to know what options he has in doing so.

Information rights include:

• familiarization with medical papers, extracts, certificates, analyzes that have information about his health;
• expert advice;
• obtaining documents that reflect information about health.

Cases when the doctor must inform the patient about his health:

• the patient chooses a specialist and a hospital;
• permission of the patient is required for the operation;
• during treatment and examination.

According to the established rules, a person who has reached the age of fifteen can receive information. If treatment fails or results in the patient's death, the medical condition that led to this outcome should be reported by the physician to close relatives (eg husband, wife).

Legislative acts define the following list of responsibilities of a medical institution:

1. Informing a representative of a medical institution about the activities of the organization, specialization, and the level of qualification of employees.
2. Provide patients with accurate information about the care that has been provided.
3. Report on what methods were chosen, methods for the implementation of treatment.
4. Inform patients about their right to receive assistance under the terms of the current insurance policy.
5. Report on medicines, materials, goods that will provide a decent level of medical services and the correct provision of assistance.

Also, the patient can contact the hospital representative in order to find out the rules and conditions for the effective and safe use of the products.

When a citizen receives free medical care, hospital staff must report:

• the procedure, rules and amount of services determined by the medical policy;
• a complete list of services that the organization provides;
• types of medical care provided;
• indicators of the quality of services provided to the patient.

These obligations are spelled out in the Law of the Russian Federation "On Compulsory Medical Insurance" and the Law of the Russian Federation "On Health Protection".

Insurance companies in the process of informing citizens

Accompanying and informing the patient should be provided by a representative of the insurance company with which the citizen has concluded an agreement.

The law imposes the following obligations on the insurance company:

• inform about all rights and obligations when contacting a medical institution;
• provide a list of hospitals that provide assistance under a valid insurance contract in this locality;
• inform what type of assistance the medical organization provides;
• about violations by the hospital that were previously identified.

Before concluding a contract with an insurance company, you must carefully read the list of situations for which the policy is not provided.

When a citizen applied to a medical institution in order to receive paid assistance, the representative of the organization must inform him of the following points:

1. Availability of the opportunity to receive the required assistance in the right amount.
2. List of services that are provided on a paid basis.
3. The procedure for depositing funds for services rendered.
4. Conditions, methods, procedure for the implementation of treatment.
5. Information about the personnel of the medical center (education, qualifications, work experience).
6. Working hours of the medical center.
7. The mode of operation of specialists who provide paid services.
8. Information about the level of his health.
9. Information about medications that will be used during treatment.

Information about medicines includes: expiration date, description of cases of prohibition of use and indications for use. Notifying the patient about his state of health, it is necessary to inform about the results of the study, the diagnosis.

Citizens have the right to apply to a medical institution if there are such grounds:

• the terms established by law for the provision of medical care or a specific service were violated;
• emergency assistance was not provided on time;
• documents were requested that, under the law, are not supposed to be required;
• it was refused to accept documents that, according to legislative norms, must be accepted for the provision of medical care;
• no medical assistance was provided;
• medical care was of poor quality;
• the actions of specialists without complying with the current legislation;
• the patient is dissatisfied with the decision that was made regarding the provision of medical care;
• lack of attention, ethics, morally bad attitude of a medical institution specialist;
• requests to pay for a service that is not included in the list of paid services.

Appeals received from citizens must be registered within one day. If the medical institution is not authorized to respond to the appeal, it needs to redirect the request to the appropriate authority. The applicant must also be informed of this. If the written application contains questions that only other competent authorities can answer, they need to send copies of the application. The law establishes a twenty-day period for consideration and response. In cases where additional time is required to study the materials or carry out certain actions, it is permissible to send a response thirty days after the request. In this case, the applicant must be informed of the need for additional measures.

An application that can be submitted if there are grounds must contain the following information:

• introduction, name of the medical institution or personal data of the official;
• personal information about the applicant;
• contact details (phone, email);
• the address to which the written response will be sent;
• description of the stated requirements;
• painting and date of compilation.

The applicant may attach accompanying papers. He also has the right to send them to the organization's email. When an appeal is submitted by a third party, confirmation of the relevance of his rights is required. To do this, you need to issue a power of attorney. In addition, you must attach a document that certifies his identity. All applications received must be accepted.

The appeal may not be accepted if it does not contain the following information:

• personal data of the applicant (full name);
• address.

Also, the appeal is not accepted when it contains information about the upcoming illegal action. Such a document is sent to the departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Reasons for rejection may include the following:

1. The text of the statement is unreadable.
2. The medical institution cannot give an answer, because for this it is necessary to disclose the secret.
3. The appeal contains requirements and questions to which the medical center has provided answers up to this point.

Another reason for refusing to accept documents will be the lack of papers that confirm the authority of the representative.

Responsibility

When a person is not aware of the course of treatment and his state of health, his expectations diverge from reality. If you properly fulfill your powers, such situations may not arise. The law provides for sanctions against officials who fail to provide information.

Thus, if the population was not informed about the services and their cost, patients can demand a reduction in the amount of payment for the services provided. When a citizen enters into an agreement for the provision of paid medical care, but it is not provided to him on time or the patient was not informed about medicines and other related products for treatment, he may demand compensation for losses that were caused due to non-fulfillment of the terms of the contract. He can also terminate the concluded contract and demand the return of the money that was deposited. Failure to notify the public of the operation of the free medical care program by a representative of public hospitals may lead to demands from citizens to compensate for the damage they have received due to lack of information. When a person is denied medical care, a specialist can be held administratively liable. In certain cases, criminal liability may arise.

Case Studies

A citizen Miroshnik A.V. applied to the court with a statement. She stated that the medical institution had transferred information about her illnesses to the social security authorities and now this is a problem for her. The woman did not provide permission to disseminate information. During the court session, representatives of the hospital explained this by the fact that they took care of the health of the plaintiff and her unborn baby. They went to all methods and were for truthfulness. The hospital nurse believes they did their job. After hearing the parties and considering the evidence base, the court satisfied the claims.

Since the commercial success of an enterprise in modern conditions depends on the degree of customer satisfaction, the quality system should be focused on information about the needs and the degree of their satisfaction, as well as the state of the market of competitors and the quality of their products.

The basis of the quality system should be marketing research, the implementation of which must take into account the following features of the modern market:

- the consumer dictates what, when, in what form he wants to receive and at what price;

- competition in the market due to its globalization is sharply aggravated;

– consumer needs and the market situation change very quickly.

The function of marketing should be to determine the needs, demand, specific and expected requirements of consumers and the market, product characteristics that meet consumer requirements and regulations.

It is precisely the fact that the modern world market is a buyer's market that prompts the governments of all industrialized and many developing countries to contribute in every possible way to increasing national exports.

Consider the concept of competitiveness. This is a very important criterion that characterizes the company's ability to exist in market conditions.

In general, under competition is understood as: an element of the market mechanism or a form of interaction between market entities or the economic rivalry of isolated commodity producers for market share and profits, obtaining an order or

We are interested now product competitiveness- the ability of the product to meet the requirements of the market for this type of product.

Assessment of the competitiveness of the goods (CSP) is based on a comparison of this product with the corresponding products of other firms. The indicator of product competitiveness is expressed by the ratio of the useful effect to the price of consumption, and the integral indicators of the characteristics of the product - its quality - are taken as the useful effect.

Ways to get information: market analysis, open sources, marketing research, own research, involvement of an outside specialist, etc.

Quality planning

Product quality planning is understood as the establishment of reasonable targets for the production of products with the required values ​​of quality indicators for a given ms of time or within a given time interval.

Quality improvement planning should be based on scientifically based forecasting of the needs of the domestic and foreign markets. To correctly substantiate quality improvement plans, data on the results of product operation should be used, and information on the actual level of its quality should be summarized and analyzed.

The subject of product quality planning are, ultimately, various indicators that reflect both the product properties of the department and the various characteristics of the quality management system and processes. These indicators are reflected in specific tasks to improve the quality of products in the plans for research and development work, standardization and metrological support, the introduction of quality management systems, and the technical development of the enterprise; training, etc.

The main objectives of planning to improve product quality are:

Ensuring the release of products with the maximum compliance of its properties with existing and future market needs;

Raising the technical level and quality of products to the level of the best domestic and foreign samples;

Establishment of economically optimal tasks for improving the quality of products in terms of their resource provision and consumer demands;

Improving the structure of manufactured products by optimizing its size range;

Increasing the production of certified products;

Improvement of individual consumer properties of already manufactured products (reliability, durability, safety, efficiency, etc.);

Timely reduction of output or removal from production of obsolete and uncompetitive products;

Ensuring strict compliance with the requirements of standards, specifications and other regulatory and technical documentation, timely implementation of newly developed and revision of obsolete standards;

Development and implementation of specific measures to ensure the achievement of a given level of quality;

Quality improvement planning should be carried out at different levels of management and stages of the product life cycle, including design, production and operation. Quality improvement plans must be provided with the necessary material, financial and labor resources, and planned indicators and quality improvement measures must be carefully justified by economic efficiency calculations.

Planning to improve the quality of products at the enterprise should be based primarily on:

Careful study of current and prospective demand for products;

Analysis of consumer feedback on the behavior of products in operation;

Drafting contracts with customers.

Quality improvement plans should also consider:

Results of product certification;

Progressive requirements of current standards and specifications;

Research results;

Patent materials;

Licenses;

Scientific and technical information data;

Consumer requirements.

Creation of a quality system

The quality system is a set of organizational culture, methods, processes necessary for the implementation of general quality management. The choice of a quality system model depends on the financial condition of the enterprise, the goals that it pursues when creating the system, the size of the enterprise, the structure and organization of production. Creating an effective structure of the quality system requires maximum integration of the activities of all departments and services of the enterprise.

The successful functioning of the quality system and its further improvement depends on the organizational structure of quality management, which can be:

- vertical (top to bottom);

– horizontal (system of cooperation).

The choice of organizational structure depends on the concept of quality management preferred by the enterprise and the goals of creating a quality system. Hierarchical organizational structures with vertical management processes, as a rule, are poorly adapted to the development and implementation of modern quality systems. The most effective horizontal quality management processes, among which the following are recognized in the world:

– project management style;

– statistical process control;

- building organizational structures from the chains "consumer - supplier";

– structuring of quality functions.

The project management style has become widespread. The project is always focused on a specific consumer and product customer. The project manager is appointed by the top management of the enterprise and is accountable only to him. Within the project, a project team is created on a competitive basis, which develops all processes and a quality system in accordance with the requirements of a given consumer. The essence of statistical management is the use of statistical methods to minimize the variability of the process. Deming argued that the quality of the product will be higher, the less the variability of projects.