Task. For many years, the Kirov Rural Construction Plant (SSK) unloaded from barges onto the river bank. Vyatka sand. The storage location is the village of Krasnoye (within the city of Kirov) located in the second zone of the sanitary protection zone of the city water intake.

The Kirov City Committee for Nature Protection ordered the SSC to change the sand delivery technology and refused to approve the allocation of a land plot for sand storage. The administration of the Novovyatsky district refused to allocate land to SSC for this purpose.

• -- on what legal basis is economic activity carried out in the village of Krasnoye;
• -- what SSC does to protect the environment;

During the year, the management of SSC did not respond to these and repeated similar requests from the Company and citizen S., and therefore they filed statements of claim (separately) to the court at the location of the defendant to protect the right to receive environmental information.

The court refused to accept the claims.

The former deputy chairman of the Company, citizen K. (by that time not working for the Company) also requested information from the SSC and, having received no response, filed a claim against the SSC for the provision of information, citing Art. 24 of the Law of the Russian Federation “On information, informatization and information protection” of February 20, 1995.

What rights of citizens and public associations have been violated?

Are there legal grounds for protecting violated rights in court?

In what form should the right to information be protected: in the form of a complaint against the actions of officials or in the form of a lawsuit?

What steps would you advise citizens and their associations to take in this or a similar situation to most effectively protect their environmental rights?

Solve the matter.

Solution

Art. 42 of the Code of the Russian Federation, everyone has the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and to compensation for damage caused to his health or property by an environmental violation. In addition, there are the following grounds for protecting violated rights in court:

Article 3) provides for the basic principle of “respect for everyone’s right to receive reliable information about the state of the environment, as well as the participation of citizens in decision-making regarding their rights to a favorable environment, in accordance with the law”

Article 12 Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” dated January 10, 2002 N 7-FZ (as amended by Federal Law dated 05/09/2005 N 45-FZ). Rights and obligations of public and other non-profit associations operating in the field of environmental protection

1. Public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection have the right:

develop, promote and implement, in the prescribed manner, programs in the field of environmental protection, protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens in the field of environmental protection, and involve citizens on a voluntary basis in activities in the field of environmental protection;

at the expense of own and borrowed funds, carry out and promote activities in the field of environmental protection, reproduction of natural resources, and ensuring environmental safety;

provide assistance to state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments in resolving environmental protection issues;

organize meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions and picketing, collect signatures for petitions and take part in these events in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, make proposals for holding referendums on environmental issues and discussing projects related to environmental protection;

contact state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, other organizations and officials to receive timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment, measures to protect it, circumstances and economic facts and other activities that pose a threat to the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

participate in the prescribed manner in making economic and other decisions, the implementation of which may have a negative impact on the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

contact state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and other organizations with complaints, statements, claims and proposals on issues related to environmental protection, negative impacts on the environment, and receive timely and reasonable responses;

organize and conduct, in the prescribed manner, hearings on the design and placement of facilities, economic and other activities of which may harm the environment, create a threat to the life, health and property of citizens;

organize and conduct public environmental assessments in accordance with the established procedure;

submit to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, and the court of appeal for the cancellation of decisions on the design, placement, construction, reconstruction, operation of facilities, the economic and other activities of which may have a negative impact on the environment, on the limitation, suspension and termination of economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment;

bring claims to court for compensation for environmental damage;

exercise other rights provided for by law.

2. Public and other non-profit associations, when carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, are required to comply with requirements in the field of environmental protection.

Article 24 of the Federal Law “On information, informatization and information protection” dated February 20, 1995 N 24-FZ (as amended by the Federal Law dated January 10, 2003 N 15-FZ).

1. Denial of access to open information or provision of knowingly false information to users may be appealed in court.

Failure to fulfill or improper fulfillment of obligations under a supply, purchase and sale agreement, or other forms of exchange of information resources between organizations is considered by an arbitration court.

In all cases, persons denied access to information and persons who have received false information have the right to compensation for the damage they have suffered.

• 2. The court considers disputes about the unreasonable classification of information as information with limited access, claims for compensation for damage in cases of unjustified refusal to provide information to users or as a result of other violations of user rights.
• 3. Managers and other employees of public authorities and organizations guilty of illegally restricting access to information and violating the information protection regime are liable in accordance with criminal, civil legislation and legislation on administrative offenses.

Consequently, it is best and legislatively more significant to protect the right of citizens to information in the form of legal proceedings.

To most effectively protect their environmental rights, they should file a complaint or an application to bring the perpetrators to administrative responsibility to higher authorities of the prosecutor's office and court.

environmental law information environment

Literature

• 1. Brinchuk M.M. Environmental law (environmental law): Textbook. M.: Yurist, 1999. 688 p.
• 2. Erofeev B.V. Environmental law of Russia: Textbook. M.: Yurist, 1996. 624 p.
• 3. Bogolyubov S.A. Environmental law. Textbook for universities. M.: Publishing group NORMA-INFRA-M, 1998. 448 p.
• 4. Environmental law of Russia: Textbook / ed. V.D. Ermakova, A.Ya. Sukharev. M.: IMPE, 1997. 478 p.
• 5. Commentary on the Law of the RSFSR “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” / rep. ed. S.A. Bogolyubov. M.: Publishing group INFRA-M-NORMA, 1997. 382 p.
• 6. Makovik R.S. Environmental law. Definitions, diagrams, comments. M.: Manuscript, 1996. 88 p.

RRS Ufa

UDC 621.317.3

OBTAINING INFORMATION ABOUT THE STATE AND PARAMETERS OF COMPLEX HEAT-DEPENDENT OBJECTS

V. G. Gusev, A. Yu. Demin, T. V. Mirina

The issues of creating measuring systems for estimating the parameters of complex heat-dependent objects are considered. The research results are discussed.

Key words: measuring systems, measuring transducers, diagnostics, heat-dependent objects, specified electrical power.

Heat-dependent objects are understood as those devices whose parameters depend on the power with which they are acted upon and the time during which a state of thermodynamic equilibrium occurs in the system, i.e., on the energy expended to obtain a new state of the object. These include both temperature-dependent elements and devices with nonlinear current-voltage characteristics (CV characteristics). Essentially, the terms “nonlinearity” and “heat dependence” characterize the same property of a physical body. Any real-life object with a nonlinear I-V characteristic is classified as heat-dependent, and any heat-dependent object has nonlinearity in the I-V characteristic. At the conceptual level, the difference in these terms is quantitative.

When manifestations are quickly observed, they speak of nonlinearity in the object, and when they are slow, they talk about temperature dependence. In this article, this distinction is not made, but the single term “thermal object” is used, regardless of the period of time during which the properties of the object are revealed. Moreover, the phenomenological reasons for the manifestation of thermal dependence or nonlinearity are not considered.

In real-life heat-dependent objects, which include semiconductor devices, devices containing liquids, as well as living systems and organisms, it is necessary to evaluate the parameters characterizing their state or compliance with the declared properties and characteristics. With their help, certification is carried out and suitability for a specific purpose is determined. In biological objects, using the parameter values, they try to determine the reasons due to which deviations from the normal functioning of the body arose, i.e., diagnostics are performed based on the principles of maximum likelihood.

To obtain information about the state of complex systems, their equivalent circuit is usually considered and a measuring circuit is created, with the help of which the value or range of changes in the value can be estimated.

values ​​of the element that is most important for assessing the properties or state of a given object.

In the case of heat-dependent objects, the task is complicated by the fact that stable and reproducible results can be obtained only if the energy regimes created by the measuring circuits are stable and unchanged for any object of this type, and the transient processes of establishing a state caused by the energy interaction of the object with the measuring circuit, ends by the time the result is obtained. The latter indicates that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium has arrived, in which there is a balance between the external energy introduced into the object and the energy taken from it. Only with equilibrium and certainty with the thermodynamic state of the system can reproducible results be obtained, and it becomes possible to quantify and normalize the values ​​of the corresponding parameters.

In technical objects, the problem of heat dependence of parameters is avoided by introducing into them during measurements a minimum amount of energy that could change their basic properties, and by stabilizing the conditions under which they are assessed. In relation to objects of living nature, this is much more difficult to do due to the large dynamic range in which sensitivity to external influences manifests itself (up to 1012), uncertainty with the threshold value after which heat dependence begins to appear, and a large number of artifacts that distort the information received. Without taking into account the actual heat dependence of technical devices and especially living objects, it is not possible to obtain objective and reproducible information about their parameters or condition.

Let us illustrate this idea with an example. During the 1960-1990s, electronics specialists tried to create diagnostic devices that would evaluate the condition of acupuncture points (APs) used for acupuncture. Based on their parameters, diagnostics were to be carried out and

66 _ Bepvogv & Vuvgetv No. 8.2009

О 100 200 3 00 I, μA

Rice. 1. View of the current-voltage characteristic of the skin (1) and at the acupuncture point (2)

I-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-

100 300 600 900 1200 R, µW

0 300 600 900 1200 R, μW b)

Rice. 2. Current-voltage characteristics at the acupuncture point (a) and for the skin (b), rearranged in coordinates R = f(P)

optimize treatment regimens. Numerous conferences were held, doctoral dissertations were defended, instruments for assessing the electrical conductivity of TA and diagnostic systems created on their basis were produced and are being produced. But they did not receive recognition from the scientific medical community due to poor reproducibility of the results obtained. It is now clear that positive results could not be obtained due to the fact that any living organism is a complex nonlinear heat-dependent system. Thus, the current-voltage characteristics of the area between two electrodes, obtained in the thermodynamic equilibrium mode, including with a measuring circuit, have the form

shown in Fig. 1. Moreover, curve 1 characterizes the current-voltage characteristic for the skin, and curve 2 - for the acupuncture point.

The current-voltage characteristics rearranged in the coordinates R = /(P), where R is the resistance of the zone between the electrodes, P is the electrical power dissipated in this area, are shown in Fig. 2. It can be seen here that the resistance value between the two electrodes varies significantly depending on the electrical power dissipated during measurements by the measuring circuit. Thus, the electrical resistance in the TA varies from 510 kOhm at a dissipation power P = 50 μW to 41 kOhm at a power P = 1980 μW. For the skin outside the TA, the resistance changes from 1400 kOhm at P = 35 μW to 5700 kOhm at P = 275 μW and 70 kOhm at P = 2800 μW.

Estimated resistance values ​​at one of the acupuncture points, obtained by processing the data given in the work, are presented in the table. The data presented clearly show that for heat-dependent objects, the results obtained are highly variable and depend on the electrical power at which they were assessed. Consequently, any normalization of the values ​​of electrical parameters of heat-dependent objects is possible and rational only for cases when the value of the electrical power involved in the process of interaction with it is clearly defined. Moreover, if the result is obtained within a short time of interaction with the measuring circuit with a shorter duration of setting the parameters than is necessary to establish the state of thermodynamic equilibrium, then the data obtained will characterize the state of thermodynamic equilibrium in the system that existed before the connection of the measuring circuit. After a period of time determined by the object’s own properties, the process of establishing a new state of thermodynamic equilibrium will occur. The data obtained will characterize the properties of the object at a new thermodynamic equilibrium state.

The following conclusions follow from this:

The parameters of a heat-dependent object should be determined using technical means that

Resistance values ​​in the TA and outside the TA zone depending on the value of electrical power P (P = O/)

At the tzu-san-li point Outside the acupuncture points

P, µW R, kOhm P, µW R, kOhm

300 330 171 2100

552 130 230 2300

1260 39 950 3800

1980 41 1020 283

a constant known thermodynamic disturbance is introduced into the object;

The duration of the thermodynamic disturbance must be such that a state of thermodynamic equilibrium is established in the object; therefore, the results obtained over a certain time will depend on the value of energy A = P-1, which is introduced into the heat-dependent object.

Only by taking these circumstances into account can it be possible to create devices that make it possible to obtain stable, reproducible and metrologically reliable information about the properties of a heat-dependent object or its state.

However, if a heat-dependent object has a rather complex internal structure, then the amount of information obtained using technical means operating in the mode of a given value of electrical power of interaction with the measured object will not be enough for an unambiguous interpretation of the causes of deviations that have arisen, i.e., identification of the main indicators of the “black” box", which is the object of research. To increase the reliability of the assessment, it is necessary to use operations of interaction of the object with a source that ensures the dissipation of a constant average value of electrical power in the load (in this case, the frequency of exposure may vary). This will provide certainty and reproducibility of the electrical mode in which information about the parameters of the heat-dependent element is obtained.

Additional information about the state of a heat-dependent object is provided by measuring the properties of the object in the idle mode of the electrodes and when they are short-circuited, in which the electric current flowing in the circuit is measured. When using a combination of these modes, carried out in a certain sequence, it is possible to obtain a large amount of information about the parameters and state of heat-dependent objects. Moreover, the metrological reliability of information will be much greater than what is currently obtained using traditional approaches and methods used. To obtain the maximum amount of information about the properties of a heat-dependent object, which in the general case may be electrically active, it is advisable to carry out assessments in the following modes:

Idle speed measuring

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The work of organizing operational services begins with the fact that an employee of the operational unit who has received an industry (zone, line of work) for operational services must know how many and what kind of enterprises (institutions, organizations) are located in the serviced territory. Next, the employee begins to analyze the state of the operational situation. In general terms, the content of the operational situation includes the following groups of factors:

geographical;

climatic;

economic;

socio-demographic;

criminogenic;

the presence of operational-search and other forces and means available to the subject of analysis.

This set of characteristics is used mainly by management structures. For the operational staff of law enforcement agencies, as a rule, it is necessary to analyze the operational situation at the serviced facility (group of facilities), territory or line of work. In this regard, the content of the operational situation is significantly narrowed and includes only the following factors:

Socio-economic characteristics;

Crime situation;

The forces and means of an operational law enforcement officer.

As a result of the analysis of the operational situation in a certain territory The employee must receive the following information:

1. According to socio-economic characteristics:

economic potential (number of enterprises, institutions, organizations, direction of their economic activities);

industrial and other connections; entrepreneurial activity of the population;

the situation of socially weakly protected categories of citizens; level of tax collection;

presence and condition of communications, etc.

2. According to the criminal situation:

Structure, level, dynamics and proportion of crime;

The presence and nature of activities of persons of operational interest;

Prevalence of administrative offenses; criminological characteristics of persons committing offenses;

State of preservation of property; conditions conducive to the commission of crimes, etc.;

3. Forces and means of the operational law enforcement agency:

Availability and quality characteristics of confidential employees;

List of subjects with whom the detective interacts and forms of interaction;

Technical equipment of the operational officer, etc.

The study of:

Production technologies, accounting procedures, expenditure, transportation, storage of these funds;

Data regarding financially responsible and other persons with direct access to drugs, the sources of their material security, its correspondence to the income received; lifestyle, connections, criminal records and other materials indicating the probable criminal activities of those being inspected;

Materials from audits of economic activities of enterprises and institutions, complaints about the supply of raw materials and finished products; other documents relating to the production, acquisition, storage, destruction, release and consumption of drugs;

Structures and procedures for the security of enterprises, institutions, organizations and other objects, implementation of access control at them;

The procedure for selecting and placing personnel directly related to drug operations.

Employees of law enforcement agencies during the Operational search activities at drug production and storage sites should be aimed at identifying:

Drug addicts, drug users See the Unified Departmental Dictionary of Terms Used in Assessing the Scale of Drug Distribution and Illicit Consumption. - M.: FSKN, 2006., persons previously convicted of theft of state property and crimes related to drugs, among financially responsible and other persons with access to drugs;

Prescriptions written out for fictitious patients and persons for whom medical use of narcotic drugs is not prescribed;

Cases of replacing drugs in ampoules and other containers with other means;

Facts of misappropriation of drugs due to their fictitious write-off for scientific research or treatment of oncological or other categories of patients;

Forged documents for the destruction of narcotic medicines with expired shelf life and facts of misappropriation of such medicines;

Operational and other information about the appearance of a batch of narcotic drugs in illicit trafficking in the serviced territory and taking measures to establish their quantity, volume, frequency of appearance, features of labeling, packaging, packaging.

Thus, the correct organization of operational work on the indicated facilities for the purpose of carrying out preventive and investigative measures cannot be ensured without a thorough study of the features of their production activities, knowledge of the contingent of workers who are entrusted with operations with narcotic drugs, the state of preservation of state property at a particular enterprise.

In addition to the above enterprises involved in the production, storage, distribution and use of narcotic drugs, law enforcement units provide operational services to other facilities and territories, which include:

Joint-stock companies, agro-industrial complexes engaged in the cultivation of hemp;

Settlements where illegal planting of prohibited crops has been repeatedly recorded;

Settlements located near tracts of wild hemp;

Areas adjacent to transport communications located near places of cultivation or wild growth of narcotic plants;

Processing facilities See the Unified Departmental Dictionary of Terms Used in Assessing the Extent of Drug Distribution and Illicit Use. - M.: FSKN, 2006., storage, production of drug-containing raw materials.

Their operational service is aimed at identifying facts of illegal crops of poppy and hemp, identifying persons arriving in a given area for the purpose of stealing drug-containing plants from sown plantations or procuring wild hemp for further artisanal drug production, buyers of raw materials and artisanal drugs.

Operational maintenance of territories and facilities is ensured by a combination of the following organizational measures:

Study, analysis, assessment of the operational situation in the assigned territory or its individual parts;

Determination of operational maintenance modes for specific objects and territories;

Organization of a system for collecting information of operational interest;

Planning operational search and other activities to prevent and solve drug-related crimes.

A comprehensive analysis and assessment of the current situation allows law enforcement officers to make adequate decisions for interaction between various services and units.

Operational maintenance of objects and territories is impossible without planning and implementing a whole complex of secret activities, the basis of which is the work of selecting and placing a secret apparatus.

Positive results in the fight against drug trafficking are achieved where they skillfully organize the work of selecting and placing secret sources of information. This contributes to the creation of a stable secret apparatus that can provide effective assistance in the fight against drug crime.

The Pension Fund of the Russian Federation currently does not send notices to insured persons about the status of their individual personal accounts.

In accordance with Article 14 of the Federal Law of 01.04.1996 No. 27-FZ “On individual (personalized) accounting in the compulsory pension insurance system,” the insured person has the right to receive free of charge from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation at the place of residence or work at his request in the manner specified by him when applying, the information contained in his individual personal account (the specified information can be sent to him in the form of an electronic document, the procedure for execution of which is determined by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, using public information and telecommunication networks, including the Internet, including a single portal of state and municipal services, as well as in other ways, including by post).

Currently, the following methods are implemented for the insured person to obtain information about the status of his individual personal account:

• independently online through the Unified Portal of State and Municipal Services (EPGU) www.gosuslugi.ru, subject to completing the registration procedure in the Unified Identification and Authentication System (USIA). This service involves the generation on the said portal of information about the status of the individual personal account of the insured person with the possibility of sending them to an email address of the citizen’s choice. When receiving the service, the citizen is informed that the document will be sent in a special format that guarantees the authenticity of the data. The insured person receives a package of documents containing information about the status of an individual personal account in xml and pdf format, signed with an enhanced qualified electronic signature of a government authority in XMLDSIG format. The registration procedure and methods for obtaining government services are presented in detail in the form of training videos in the Information and Reference Section of the EPGU;
• independently online using the electronic service “Personal Account of a Citizen” of the Internet portal “Pension Fund of the Russian Federation” www.site in the “Electronic Services” section if you have a confirmed account in the Unified Identification of Automation. However, in this case, the document will not be certified with a qualified electronic signature;
• by obtaining information about the status of the individual personal account of the insured person on the basis of an application submitted to any territorial Office of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. Such an application can be submitted by the insured person personally (you must have a passport and insurance certificate with you) or sent to the territorial Office of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation by mail. In this case, the application must be accompanied by copies of the passport and insurance certificate, certified in the manner prescribed by law, and the application must indicate exactly how the insured person will receive information about the status of the individual personal account of the insured person (in person or by registered mail). If the insured person expresses a desire to receive them by mail, it is necessary to indicate the full postal address of the place of residence, to which information about the status of the individual personal account of the insured person will be sent by registered mail within 10 days from the date of application;
• by submitting a request for information about the status of the individual personal account of the insured person to the multifunctional center for the provision of state and municipal services (MFC). You must have your passport and insurance certificate with you.

PROCEDURE FOR PROVIDING INFORMATION

about the health status of patients undergoing inpatient treatment at the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Federal Center for Cardiovascular Surgery” of the Ministry of Health of Russia in Krasnoyarsk (hereinafter referred to as the Center) to relatives and friends of patients.

1. Providing information about the health status of a patient undergoing inpatient treatment at the Center is carried out only to persons indicated by the patient in the form for permission to transfer information constituting medical confidentiality. This form is filled out by the patient when registering for hospitalization in the emergency department and placed in the medical history. The admission department nurse is responsible for filling out the form and placing it in the medical history.

2. Information about the patient’s health status can be provided to persons to whom the patient has given consent to receive information by the attending physician, operating surgeon, head of the department, resuscitator or head of the intensive care unit when the patient is in the intensive care unit.

3. Information about the patient can be obtained in a personal conversation with a doctor or with the head of the department, or by telephone. If the patient indicates a specific person to receive information, the transfer method is only face-to-face - after providing identification documents and verifying their data with those specified by the patient in the consent to transfer the data.

4. On weekdays, information about the patient’s health status is provided by the attending physician or operating surgeon during a personal meeting or by calling the resident’s office from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm (including information about patients in the anesthesiology and intensive care unit). Information about the condition of patients transferred to the intensive care unit after 16.00 is provided that day by the resuscitator on duty or the pediatric resuscitator on duty from 20.00 to 22.00 by phone number of the resident’s office or medical post, or during a face-to-face meeting.

5. On weekends and holidays, information about the health status of patients being treated in the department of anesthesiology and intensive care is provided by the on-duty resuscitator or on-duty pediatric resuscitator from 10.00 to 12.00 and from 20.00 to 22.00 by phone number of the resident’s office or medical post, or during a face-to-face meeting.

6. Information about the patient’s health status is received from the head of the department either directly by contacting the telephone number of the department head’s office during working hours, or through the attending physician, who is obliged to inform the latter about the need to clarify the patient’s health status. The head of the department must ensure that information is provided by telephone or in person within 2 working days.

7. Other employees of the Center, other than the persons specified in clause 2 of this Procedure, are prohibited from providing any information about the patient’s condition. Information about the received request and the patient’s condition must be transferred to the patient’s attending physician or operating surgeon; if the patient is in the intensive care unit, to the resuscitator.