home Warming Basic speech etiquette formulas. Speech etiquette

Basic speech etiquette formulas. Speech etiquette

The basis of speech etiquette is speech formulas, the nature of which depends on the characteristics of communication.

Any act of communication has a beginning, main part and final. In this regard, the speech etiquette formulas are divided into three main groups: 1) speech formulas related to the beginning of communication; 2) speech formulas used at the end of communication; 3) speech formulas characteristic of the main part of communication.

1. Start of communication. If the addressee is unfamiliar to the subject of speech, then communication begins with an acquaintance. In this case, it can occur directly and indirectly. According to the rules of good manners, it is not customary to enter into a conversation with a stranger and introduce yourself. However, there are times when this needs to be done. Etiquette prescribes the following formulas:

– Allow (those) to get to know you (with you).

– I would like to get to know you (you).

– Let me (those) get to know you (you).

– Let's get acquainted.

When visiting an institution, office, office, when there is a conversation with an official and it is necessary for him to introduce himself, the following formulas are used:

– Let me introduce myself.

– My surname is Kolesnikov.

– Anastasia Igorevna.

Formal and informal meetings of acquaintances, and sometimes strangers, begin with a greeting. In Russian, the main greetings – Hello. Along with this form, a greeting indicating the time of the meeting is common: Good morning!; Good afternoon!; Good evening! In addition to common greetings, there are greetings that emphasize the joy of meeting, respectful attitude, desire for communication: (I am very glad to see you!; Welcome!; My regards.

2. End of communication. When the conversation ends, the interlocutors use the formulas for parting, ending communication. They wish (All the best (good) to you! Goodbye!); hope for a new meeting (Until the evening (tomorrow, Saturday). I hope we part for a short time. I hope to see you soon); doubt about the possibility of meeting again (Farewell! It is unlikely that we will be able to meet again. Do not remember dashingly).

3. After the greeting, a business conversation usually begins. Speech etiquette provides for several beginnings that are situational. Three situations are most typical: 1) solemn; 2) mournful; 3) working, business.

The first includes public holidays, anniversaries of the enterprise and employees; receiving awards; opening an office, shop; presentation; conclusion of an agreement, contract, etc.

On any solemn occasion, a significant event, invitations and congratulations follow. Depending on the situation (official, semi-official, unofficial), invitation and congratulatory clichés change.

Invitation: Allow (allow) to invite you ...;

Come to the holiday (anniversary, meeting ...), we will be glad to see you",

Congratulation: Please accept my (most) cordial (warm, hot, sincere) congratulations ...; On behalf of (on behalf of) ... congratulations ...; Warmly (warmly) congratulations ...

A sad situation is associated with death, death, murder and other events that bring misfortune, grief. In this case, condolences are expressed. It should not be dry, official. Formulas condolences, as a rule, are stylistically elevated, emotionally colored: Allow (allow) to express (to you) my deep (sincere) condolences. I bring (to you) my (accept mine, please accept my) deep (sincere) condolences. I share (understand) your sadness (your grief, misfortune).

The listed beginnings (invitation, congratulations, condolences, expressions of sympathy) do not always turn into business communication, sometimes the conversation ends with them.

In a daily business environment (business, work situation), speech etiquette formulas are also used. For example, when summing up the results of work, when determining the results of selling goods or participating in exhibitions, when organizing various events, meetings, it becomes necessary to thank someone or, conversely, to reprimand, to make a remark. At any job, in any organization, someone may need to give advice, make a suggestion, make a request, express consent, allow, prohibit, refuse someone.

Let's bring speech cliches that are used in these situations.

Acknowledgment: Allow (permit) to express (great, huge) gratitude to Nikolai Petrovich Bystrov for the excellent (perfectly) organized exhibition; The firm (management, administration) expresses its gratitude to all employees for…

Note, warning: The firm (management, board, editorial office) is forced to issue a (serious) warning (remark) ...; To (great) regret (chagrin), I must (forced) to make a remark (to reprimand) ...

Often people, especially those endowed with power, consider it necessary to express their proposals, advice in a categorical form; All (you) are obliged (should) ...; I categorically (persistently) advise (propose) to do ...

Advice, suggestions expressed in this form are similar to an order or order and do not always give rise to a desire to follow them, especially if the conversation takes place between colleagues of the same rank.

The request should be delicate, extremely polite, but without excessive fawning: Do me a favor, fulfill (my) request…; Do not take it for work, please take ...

Consent, permission is formulated as follows:

– (Now, immediately) will be done (done).

– I agree, do (do) as you think.

In case of failure, the following expressions are used:

– (I) cannot (unable, unable) to help (permit, assist).

– I'm sorry, but we (I) cannot (can) fulfill your request.

– I have to forbid (refuse, do not allow).

An important component of speech etiquette is compliment. Tactfully and timely said, he cheers up the addressee, sets him up for a positive attitude towards the opponent. A compliment is said at the beginning of a conversation, at a meeting, acquaintance or during a conversation, at parting. A compliment is always nice. Only an insincere compliment is dangerous, a compliment for the sake of a compliment, an overly enthusiastic compliment.

The compliment refers to the appearance, indicates the excellent professional abilities of the addressee, his high morality, gives an overall positive assessment:

– You look good (excellent, fine, excellent, great, young).

– You are (so, very) charming (smart, quick-witted, resourceful, reasonable, practical).

– You are a good (excellent, excellent, excellent specialist (economist, manager, entrepreneur, companion).

- WITH you are pleased (good, excellent) to deal (work, cooperate).

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Ministry of Higher and Professional Education of the Russian Federation

FGAO VPO "North-Eastern Federal University" M.K. Amosova

Ethics of speech communication

Made by a student of group GG-14

Pshennikov Alexander Eduardovich

Introduction

1. Etiquette of speech communication

2. Features of oral speech

4. Appropriateness of speech

Conclusion

Introduction

The word "speech" has many meanings. In some cases, it is understood as "practical use of the language". In this sense, the culture of speech is the possession of a word, a language. Language is often referred to as a communication tool. Speech can be compared to playing an instrument. How many people, so many performers. But speech is one of the most important factors by which a person is perceived and evaluated. Let us recall an episode from the well-known fairy tale by Pushkin, when the disguised princess found herself in a forest hut with seven brothers: “In an instant, by their speech, they realized that they had received the princess.” But it's not just the impression the speech makes. Words are the shell of thoughts. If the words are poorly chosen, the most valuable thoughts will remain with their owner.

The culture of oral speech consists in the conscious selection and use of those language tools that help communication. Choosing words to express thoughts, the speaker, perhaps without realizing it, is guided by the following considerations: firstly, whether the word fits the meaning; secondly, do we use it correctly; thirdly, whether it is appropriate in a given situation; and, finally, whether it is expressive. In order for all native speakers to understand each other well, it is necessary to know the literary, that is, normative, language.

In this paper, we will consider the features of oral speech, mistakes that should be avoided, the relevance of speech, how to make speech expressive.

1. Etiquette of speech communication

The etiquette of speech communication begins with the observance of the conditions for successful speech communication: with a benevolent attitude towards the addressee, demonstrating interest in the conversation, "understanding understanding".

Attitude towards the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one's opinion, sympathetic attention. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, glance,

Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms, scientific and cultural traditions.

Ethical norms are embodied in special ethical speech formulas and expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-significant word forms and words of non-significant parts of speech (particle, interjection).

The main ethical principle of speech communication - respect for parity - finds its expression, starting with a greeting and ending with a farewell, throughout the conversation.

1. Greeting. Appeal.

Greetings set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, welcome, etc. The situation of communication also plays an important role.

The appeal performs a contact-establishing function, it is an intimization, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the appeal should be pronounced repeatedly; this indicates both good feelings for the interlocutor, and attention to his words.

In actual communication, in the speech of close people, in conversations with children, the address is often accompanied or replaced by paraphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes: Olenka, my bunny, kitty, darling, etc. etiquette style cultural

This is especially true for the speech of women and people of a special warehouse, as well as for emotional speech.

National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers.

2. Label formulas

Each language has fixed ways of expressing the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions.

So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, accept an apology to use a direct, literal form, for example, sorry (those), forgive (those).

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the appeal, a reason is indicated, then wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, a signature.

3.Euphemization of speech.

Maintaining the cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not to cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are periphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological poisoning, for example, he left us, died, passed away.

Mitigating methods of conducting a conversation are also indirect information, illusions, hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for such a form of expression.

In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in the same "observed" deictic space of the speech situation "I-YOU (YOU) - HERE-NOW" This shows respect for all participants in communication.

4. Interruption. Counter remarks.

Polite behavior in speech communication prescribes listening to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However, a high degree of emotionality of the participants in communication, a demonstration of their solidarity, consent, the introduction of their assessments "" along the way "" of the partner's speech. According to the observations of researchers, breaks are typical for men, women are more correct in conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. Interruptions of this kind occur when the commutative interest is lost.

Cultural and social norms of life, the subtleties of psychological relations require the speaker and the listener to actively create a benevolent atmosphere of verbal communication, which ensures the successful resolution of all issues and leads to agreement.

5. YOU-communication and YOU-communication.

In Russian, YOU is widely used - communication in informal speech. Superficial acquaintance in some cases and long-term relationships of old acquaintances in others are shown by the use of the polite "YOU"; in addition, YOU - communication indicates respect for the participants in the dialogue, so YOU - communication is typical for old friends who have deep feelings of respect and devotion to each other . More often YOU - communication with a long acquaintance or friendships are observed among women. Men of different social strata are more often inclined to YOU - communication. Among uneducated and little - cultured men YOU - communication is considered the only acceptable form of social interaction. With the established relationship YOU - communication, they attempt to deliberately reduce the social self-esteem of the addressee and impose YOU - communication. This is a destructive element of verbal communication that destroys communicative contact. Accept that YOU - communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual closeness, and that the transition to YOU - communication is an attempt to intimize relationships; cf. Pushkin's lines:

""Let YOU hearty YOU, she, let it be said, replaced ...""

However, with YOU - communication, the feeling of a unique personality and the phenomenality of interpersonal relationships is lost, cf. V. ""Anthology"" correspondence Yu.N. Lotman and B.F. Egorova.

Parity relations as the main corresponding communication do not cancel the choice of YOU - communication and YOU - communication, depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances in various situations, they can use the pronoun "you and you" in an informal setting. This may indicate alienation, the desire to introduce elements of ritual communication into the speech situation.

2. Features of oral speech

A speech only makes a favorable impression and turns out to be effective when the speaker speaks in a living language, instantly takes into account the reaction of the audience, creating his speech not with them, but with them. It is this kind of speech that gives the impression of a conversation with the audience. Voicing of written texts is permissible only in special cases, for example, when reporting a large amount of information.

Oral speech differs from written speech in shorter sentences, ease of construction, the use of colloquial vocabulary, some deviation from grammatical and stylistic norms, the inclusion of interjections, and emotional coloring.

Consider the difference between oral and written speech with an example. The author of one article writes: "The third element of the educational policy in the republic is the transformation of educational institutions from passive recipients of budgetary funds into active subjects in the market of educational services."

In order to express the same idea in a speech, it is necessary to transform the sentence into an easily perceptible one: “Let's consider the third element of the educational policy in the republic. The idea is to change the financial policy of the state in relation to educational institutions. Now they passively receive budget money. But you can become active subjects in the market of educational services.”

Listener-oriented oral speech is characterized by interrogative sentences, appeals, dialogization of speech, question-answer moves, introductory words, the use of personal pronouns and verbs in the imperative mood ("We see that ...", "As you know .. .", "Let's think...", "Remember..."). And of course, oral speech is accompanied by extralinguistic means: intonation, gestures, facial expressions, which complement and sometimes change the meanings of words or make them more expressive.

Good oral speech has advantages that sound written speech does not have: it is understandable, its content is absorbed immediately, it stimulates thought and is remembered.

To what extent is it permissible to deviate from strict language norms in colloquial speech? Academician L. V. Shcherba wrote: “When a sense of the norm is brought up in a person, then he begins to feel all the charm of justified deviations from it.” In order to cultivate a sense of the norm in oneself, one must monitor how authoritative people (writers, diplomats, announcers) observe it, treat one’s own speech attentively and demandingly, and look more often in dictionaries and reference books.

3. Mistakes to avoid

Sometimes one has to hear such an opinion: “Well, I will say the means, not the means - and well, they will understand me anyway.” One cannot agree with such an attitude towards language. When we hear a word in an unusual form, the process of perception is suddenly interrupted: additional time is needed to comprehend it, which creates discomfort. If mistakes are frequent, it's about as annoying as stains on a white tablecloth or rocks under the wheels of a bicycle. If the listeners themselves speak as incorrectly as the speaker, then they are confirmed in their mistakes, and the speaker, instead of a model of the norm, becomes a conductor of linguistic lack of culture, since any person who speaks in public is endowed with authority.

Consider the most typical ones found in oral speech.

1. Wrong word choice:

careless attitude to the word: “After two hours of driving, it became clear that we had begun to err”;

the use of superfluous words: “stepped back”, “free vacancy”;

Mixing of paronyms (similar-sounding words): “compare our results” (instead of “compare”);

· misunderstanding of the meaning of the word: “Let's achieve pluralism of opinions” (the speaker wanted to say “consensus of opinions”, pluralism means plurality); “I’m tired of constant prerogatives on your part” (meaning: “I’m tired of the obstacles that you create”, the prerogative is an exclusive right)”; “This idea harmonizes me”; "I'm writing back to you." We should dwell on this mistake in more detail, since, unfortunately, the word “back” is often used in the meaning of “again, again”, while “back” means the direction in the opposite direction, back.

2. Errors in the pronunciation of words (orthoepic errors).

Errors are reduced to incorrect pronunciation of sounds and their combinations and errors in stress.

Russian pronunciation softens the consonant before “e” in foreign words: [te] ma, [re] ys, [te] rmin, etc. There are exceptions: a [te]ism, in [te] naivety, [te] mp and others.

In some foreign words, there is a mistake of increasing complexity: they pronounce “competent” instead of competent, “e[k]cort” instead of escort, etc.

In the conditions of Belarusian-Russian bilingualism, there are errors in the pronunciation of words caused by the influence of the Belarusian language: sixty is correct, and not “w[e]styat”; decided, not “r[e]shana”; some, not "some"; children, not "children", etc.

Mistakes in stress cannot be justified by saying that "everyone says so." It immediately becomes clear who these "everyone" is. D. R. Parkinson in the book "People will do what you want" writes: "You can probably hide your origin, education, etc., but most people do not succeed - they are betrayed by speech."

In the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language”, edited by R. I. Avanesov, there is a system of marks that indicates whether a mistake in pronouncing a word is very “terrible”. So, in the word dean [de] it is permissible, it is marked “additional”, and in the word democracy [de] it has the mark “wrong.”; the dictionary's strictest remark is "grossly wrong." It accompanies the non-literary variant “understood” of the verb understood, etc.

The question of what is the norm, what is permissible and what is unacceptable, is decided by linguists on the basis of the laws of the language and speech practice of the people. Looking in the dictionary before a performance is no less important than looking in the mirror to check how you look. According to the dictionary, the pronunciation of unfamiliar terms, as well as those that will often occur in speech, is specified.

3. Grammar errors in words.

Irregular form of conjugation of some verbs: “run”, “raise”, “climb out”, “lie down”. That's right: run, pick it up, get out, put it down, but you can say: fold it, put it down.

Incorrect declension of numerals.

The use of two comparative degrees in one sentence: “more fair” (necessary: more fair or fairer).

4. Incorrect construction of sentences.

· Contamination, i.e., the combination of parts of two stable, turns of speech that are close in meaning. For example, you can hear: "this is of great importance" or "this is of great importance."

Mistakes in management: the controlled word is not in the same case as the supporting word requires: “I express confidence in victory” (necessary in victory). The mistake of management is also the use of the word with the wrong preposition or the use of a preposition where it is not needed at all: “he asked about the economic situation” (that's right: about the economic situation).

· Heaps of subordinate clauses with the word "which": "We have developed sections of mathematics that deal with very narrow aspects that we taught to students who will do it."

Incorrect word order in a sentence. This is a mistake that listeners tend to forgive the speaker, however, if they understand what he wanted to say: “The students attended a course of lectures on the culture of communication by Associate Professor Petrov.”

Incorrect use of adverbial phrases.

4. Appropriateness of speech

Let's compare the words: eat, eat, eat, burst, saturate, eat. They mean the same thing, but the relevance of one or the other is determined by the speech situation. In an official setting, at the presentation of dietary supplements, for example, the expression “eat” is most appropriate. In a doctor's lecture - "take food" or "eat." In a story about a journey, the expression "we ate" is natural. “Mashenka ate well,” is what they say about a child. Well, “burst” is a colloquial colloquial expression that is inappropriate in a public speech.

When choosing words for a speech, you must always keep in mind the main goal of your speech: to convey information to the audience or to influence it. And, of course, remember that without communication with the audience, no goal will be achieved. Thus, all three functions of language are embodied in oratory: communication, message, impact. As is known, the performance of these functions led to the fact that in the language historically formed and took shape separate varieties of the language, called functional styles. Each style is distinguished by a certain system of language means: vocabulary, sentence construction, the use of artistic means of the language, etc. The originality of each style of language is considered in detail in the literature. The following styles are distinguished: colloquial (communication function), scientific and official business (message function), journalistic and literary and artistic (impact function). Of course, these styles do not exist in isolation from each other.

The speaker's speech to the audience is designed for understanding, interaction, internal dialogue with the audience. Speaking at a meeting sometimes turns into voicing a text written in the language of official business documents, which invariably causes one reaction - boredom. All these speakers have not developed their own style of speech. The speaker creates his own style of speech, using all the stylistic possibilities of the language. The individual style of the speaker depends not only on how he is able to use the possibilities of the language. The uniqueness of style is determined by the characteristics of temperament, character, properties of the nervous system, type of thinking. Oratory style is manifested in the manner of presentation and behavior of the speaker, his choice of means of speech expressiveness or their absence, ways of constructing speech and communicating with the audience, etc.

In business communication during conversations, meetings, negotiations, in speeches at a meeting, a specific conversational style, the use of special terms, is most appropriate. Business oral speech is characterized by short, capacious phrases, direct and rhetorical questions to listeners, direct appeal to them, neutral vocabulary. Business style is characterized by conciseness, strict selection of words when expressing thoughts.

In an effort to make speech colloquial, you need to ensure that you do not sink to the everyday level. The colloquiality of oratorical speech is literary, not everyday. Stamps make it difficult to believe in the sincerity of the speaker - expressions that were once original, but have lost all expressiveness due to frequent use. No less enemy of speakers are clericalisms - words and expressions of official business style, the style of business papers that penetrate into oral speech. Clerical turns make speech heavy, unattractive, dry, archaic, obscure the meaning of the phrases: “In view of the intensification of competitors, urgent measures should be taken to ensure that information about our suppliers does not penetrate.”

5. How to make speech expressive

In the memories of outstanding lecturers there is always a story about how their voice sounded. Each person not only has a unique appearance, but also his speech portrait. The appearance of the speaker is largely determined by what his speech portrait is.

Components of a speech portrait.

Sound strength: loud, quiet, normal.

Speech rate: fast, slow, moderate, pauses in speech.

· Pitch: high, low, medium.

Diction: clear, normal, bad (“porridge in the mouth”).

· Pronunciation of words: stress errors, pronunciation errors, whether there is an accent, other features.

Timbre (voice coloration) velvety, noble, deaf, guttural, rough, thick, rattling, sonorous, sonorous, beautiful, metallic, courageous, soft, gentle, crackling, pleasant, sharp, mellifluous, hoarse, creaky, dry, hoarse etc.

The sound of phrases: monotonous, expressive.

Intonation: combative, cheerful, excited, enthusiastic, grouchy, arrogant, sad, bitter, formidable, impudent, benevolent, dramatic, plaintive, angry, playful, ironic, intriguing, commanding, affectionate, flattering, gloomy, edifying, mocking, adamant , insecure, tedious, offended, optimistic, soulful, frightening, decisive, timid, sentimental, serious, sweet, boring, happy, dreary, solemn, dull, caustic, etc.

Freedom of sound: free, restrained, compressed, normal.

Vocabulary: poor (poor), pretentious, monotonous, rich, colorful, colorful, refined, colloquial, literary, colloquial, scientific, includes foreign words, special terms, jargon, different styles, mixing of related languages, misuse of words.

Phrase construction and speech style: short, concise, simple, complex syntax, broken syntax, clumsy, voluminous, sublime, poetic, clerical, bookish, ponderous, etc.

· The way of expressing thoughts: the speech is meaningful, confused, ornate, intelligible, clear, clear, empty, eloquent, brilliant.

· Posture: natural, pinched, free, constrained, cheeky.

Mimicry: lively, natural, unnatural (grimaces), absent (face-mask).

· Look: at the interlocutor, into the hall, at one or several persons in the hall, over their heads, at the ceiling, nowhere, down, to the side (out the window), into their notes.

4. The general impression of the speech: pleasant, bewitching, exciting, repulsive, stunning, boredom, pleasure, none, irritated, inspired melancholy, lulled, calmed, cheered up, infected with energy (optimism).

Of course, although the listeners sitting in the hall do not scrupulously fix the elements of the speaker's speech portrait, each of them affects the perception of the speech.

The use of artistic means of language gives special expressiveness to speech. They make the most complex thoughts accessible, embellish speech and, coupled with an expressive sounding voice, are able to deliver true pleasure to the listeners, giving an amazing and wonderful feeling of true art.

Such means include, in particular, synonyms, that is, words denoting the same concept, but related to different styles of speech and therefore have different emotional and expressive colors. Compare the words of the synonymous series: false information, distortion of facts, lies, lies, nonsense. Each word from this series conveys a different attitude of the speaker to the phenomenon and therefore carries an additional meaning, which means it makes the speech richer.

Using comparisons is a great way to make a speech interesting, intelligible, and memorable. For example: “The task of a manager is the same as that of an orchestra conductor. But there are no rehearsals in entrepreneurship” (from the speech of the German specialist O. Lutz). Or: “A lecturer without a plan is like a blind man leading another blind man” (D. Carnegie).

They decorate speech, deliver aesthetic pleasure, awaken the feelings of the listeners of the path - a means of linguistic expressiveness of speech. Trope is a word in a figurative sense. At the heart of all tropes is a comparison, an image.

Let's take a look at the most common trails.

An epithet is a figurative definition that conveys the attitude of the speaker to the subject.

Metaphor can be called a hidden comparison. Successful metaphors allow you to better understand the essence of phenomena, make them visible, evoke emotions, and remain in memory for a long time. The speaker is constantly looking for images of the phenomena that he is going to tell the audience about. Images are born when we observe life, reflect, empathize. They arise as a synthesis of our emotional response to some event and the associative ability of thinking. Examples of metaphors: "The soul of a real person is the most complex, and the most gentle, and the most melodious musical instrument" (the beginning of A. Blok's speech "In Memory of V.A. Komissarzhevskaya").

Metonymy is a word or phrase that replaces the name of an object based on a certain connection between them. For example: “The wallet decides everything” (instead of “money”).

Hyperbole (exaggeration) - an exorbitant increase in some qualities of the phenomenon: "I felt like the happiest person in the world."

Litota (understatement) - excessive reduction of some qualities: "It can be done in one second."

Personification is a trope consisting of transferring human properties to inanimate objects and abstract concepts: “It would be ingratitude not to name the forest among the educators and few patrons of our people” (L. Leonov).

Conclusion

We found out the features of oral speech, mistakes to be avoided, the relevance of speech, how to make speech expressive.

It can be concluded that expressive-sounding speech can make a fascinating impression on listeners.

A speaker in public should strive to ensure that his speech makes the most favorable impression on the audience. Knowing the mistakes allows you to avoid them.

Compliance with grammatical rules is not a sufficient condition for good speech.

A person who owns the culture of speech knows the norms of the literary language, knows how to choose, in accordance with them, the most accurate words that are appropriate in a given speech situation.

Its secret is to choose the most accurate, appropriate and expressive from the whole variety of “correct” words and expressions.

List of used literature

1. Vvedenskaya L. A., Pavlova L. G. Business rhetoric. Rostov-on-Don, 2000.

2. Demidenko L.P. Speech errors. M., 1986.

3. Akishina A. A., Formanovskaya N. I. Russian speech etiquette. - M .: Rus. lang. 1978

4. Borovoy L. Ya. Dialogue, or Exchange of feelings and thoughts.- M .: Sov. writer, 1969.

5. Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. Reference manual. Series "Highest score". Rostov n / a.: Phoenix, 2002 - 384 p.

6. Vereshchagin E. M., Kostomarov V. G. Language and culture.- M.: Rus. lang., 1976

7. Goldin V. E. Etiquette and speech / Sarat. un-t, Saratov, 1978

8. Dialogic speech. Monologic speech linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1990

9. Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities / Under the editorship of prof. PC. Traudinova and prof. E.N. Shiryaev. - M.: NORMA publishing house (NORMA publishing group - INFRA. M), 2000-560 p.

10. Rhodes V.B. Theory and practice of controversy. Tomsk, 1989

11. Yakubinsky L.P. On Dialogic Speech// Selected works: Language and its functioning. M., 1986

12. Formanovskaya I.I. Speech etiquette and culture of communication: Scientific popul. - M.: Higher. school, 1989 - 159 p.

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Greetings. Appeal

Greetings and salutations set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication are chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon, hello, salute, welcome, etc. The communication situation also plays an important role.

National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers. If at the beginning of the century the universal methods of address were citizen and citizen, then in the second half of the 20th century dialectal southern forms of address based on gender - a woman, a man - became widespread. Russian language in its functioning. Language levels. M., 1996

Recently, often in casual colloquial speech, when referring to an unfamiliar woman, the word lady is used, but when referring to a man, the word lord is used only in an official, semi-official, club setting. The development of an equally acceptable appeal to a man and a woman is a matter for the future: sociocultural norms will have their say here.

The ethics of verbal communication begins with the observance of the conditions for successful verbal communication: with a benevolent attitude towards the addressee, demonstrating interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” - attunement to the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes to express one's thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In the idle speech spheres of communication in dialogues and polylogues of an intellectual, as well as “playful” or emotional nature, the choice of the topic and tone of the conversation is of particular importance. Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. A special role in the conduct of a conversation belongs to the look.

Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms, national and cultural traditions.

Ethical norms are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas and are expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-significant word forms and words of non-significant parts of speech (particles, interjections).

The main ethical principle of speech communication - respect for parity - finds its expression, starting with a greeting and ending with a farewell throughout the conversation.

1. Greeting. Appeal.

Greetings and salutations set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, salute, welcome, etc. An important role is also played by the situation of communication.

The appeal performs a contact-establishing function, is a means of intimization, therefore, throughout the entire speech situation, the appeal should be pronounced repeatedly; this indicates both good feelings for the interlocutor, and attention to his words. In phatic communication, in the speech of close people, in conversations with children, the address is often accompanied or replaced by paraphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes: Anechka, you are my bunny; dear; kitty; killer swallows, etc. This is especially true for the speech of women and people of a special warehouse, as well as for emotional speech.

National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers. If at the beginning of the century the universal methods of address were a citizen and a citizen, then in the second half of the 20th century dialectal southern forms of address based on gender - a woman, a man - became widespread. Recently, often in casual colloquial speech, when referring to an unfamiliar woman, the word lady is used, but when referring to a man, the word master is used only in an official, semi-official, club setting. The development of an equally acceptable appeal to a man and a woman is a matter for the future: sociocultural norms will have their say here.

2. Label formulas.

Each language has fixed ways, expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry (those), Forgive (those). When expressing a request, it is customary to represent one's “interests” in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one's interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an act; for example: Could you go to the store now?; Are you going to the store now? When asked how to get through ..? Where is..? you should also preface your question with a request. Could you tell me?; You will not say..?

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the appeal, a reason is indicated, then wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, a signature. The oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is determined not only by speech canons, but also by the “rules” of life, which takes place in a multifaceted, human “dimension”. This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, thanks, condolences, congratulations, invitations.

Etiquette formulas, phrases for the occasion are an important part of communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

3. Euphemization of speech.

Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not. cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are periphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example: he left us, died, passed away; the title of Shahetjanian's book is "1001 Questions About It" about intimate relationships.

Mitigating methods of conducting a conversation are also indirect information, allusions, hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for such a form of expression. In addition, mitigation of refusal or reprimand can be realized by the “change of addressee” technique, in which a hint is made or the speech situation is projected onto a third participant in the conversation. In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one “observable” deictic space of the speech situation “I - YOU (YOU) - HERE - NOW”. This shows respect for all participants in the conversation.

4. Interruption.

Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication prescribes listening to the interlocutor's remarks to the end. However, the high degree of emotionality of the participants in communication, the demonstration of their solidarity, consent, the introduction of their assessments “in the course” of the partner’s speech is an ordinary phenomenon in dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, more correct in a woman's conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when the communicative interest is lost.

5. V Y-communication and T Y-communication. In Russian, YOU-communication in informal speech is widespread. A superficial acquaintance in some cases and a distant, long-term relationship of old acquaintances in others is shown by the use of the polite "you." In addition, YOU-communication indicates respect for the participants in the dialogue; so, you-communication is typical for old, girlfriends, who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other. More often you-communication with a long acquaintance or friendship is observed among women. Men of different social strata "are more likely to engage in You-communication. Among uneducated and uncultured men, You-communication is considered the only acceptable form of social interaction. With the established relationship of You-communication, they attempt to deliberately reduce the social self-esteem of the addressee and impose You-communication. This is destructive an element of verbal communication that destroys communicative contact.

It is generally accepted that You-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual closeness, and that the transition to You-communication is an attempt to intimize relations; cf. Pushkin's lines: “Empty you are heartfelt You, having said a word, replaced ...”. However, during You-communication, the feeling of the uniqueness of the individual and the phenomenality of interpersonal relationships is often lost. Wed in the "Chrestomathy" correspondence between Yu. M. Lotman and B. F. Egorov.

Parity relations as the main component of communication do not cancel the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances.

The same participants in communication in different situations can use the pronouns “you” and “you” in an informal setting. This may indicate alienation, a desire to introduce elements of ritual address into the speech situation (cf .: And you, Vitaly Ivanovich, would you like to put a salad?).

The concept of speech etiquette

Ergonomics of the environment as an integral part of speech etiquette

The first thing people notice when they come to an appointment, an interview, a meeting, a business meeting is the external environment of the room in which any issues are to be resolved. The results of the conversation and negotiations partly depend on how the cabinet or office looks.
Competent construction of space requires compliance with a single style in the design of the room: in the planning solution, in decoration, decor, furniture.
A properly and tastefully planned office helps to create a favorable environment for conversation, which contributes to the establishment of fruitful contact.
The above, of course, applies not only to cabinets. Special requirements apply to other rooms. A convenient and aesthetic layout should be in the reception room, in the premises of departments, in classrooms, in rooms for storing documents.
The appearance of any premises should correspond to its functional purpose, give the impression of a reasonably organized business environment. Furniture and its location should be convenient for employees and visitors.

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. The norms of speech etiquette are very diverse, each country has its own characteristics of the culture of communication.

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication, and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication, its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you express your thoughts, quickly achieve mutual understanding with an interlocutor or with an audience.

Mastering the etiquette of speech communication requires gaining knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. For a more successful development of communication culture skills, the concept of speech etiquette formulas is used.

Some frequently used formulas of speech etiquette are learned at an early age, when parents teach the child to say hello, thank you, and ask for forgiveness. With age, a person learns the subtleties of speech etiquette. The ability to correctly assess the situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, correctly express one's thoughts, distinguishes a person of high culture, educated and intelligent.

Speech etiquette formulas are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for the three stages of conversation:

start a conversation (greeting/introduction)
main part
final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting, it can be verbal (verbal) and non-verbal (non-verbal, for example, a handshake, a hug). The order of greeting also matters, the younger one greets the elder first, the man - the woman, the young girl - the adult man, the junior - the senior. Let's present in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:

At the end of the conversation, they use formulas for ending communication, parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, do not remember dashingly).

The main part of the conversation

After the greeting, the conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of speech situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used, among them solemn and business situations occupy an important place. The first phrases uttered after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. It is not uncommon for situations where the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the end of the conversation following it.

speech etiquette formulas - set expressions

A solemn atmosphere, the approach of an important event suggest the use of speech turns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. At the same time, the situation can be both official and informal, and it depends on the situation which formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can be a reason for issuing gratitude or censure. When following orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to ask a colleague. It also becomes necessary to approve someone else's proposal, give permission for execution or a reasoned refusal.

The request should be extremely polite in form (but without fawning) and understandable to the addressee, the request should be delicate. When requesting the desirable, avoid the negative form, use the affirmative. Advice must be given non-categorically; addressing advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

For the fulfillment of a request, the provision of a service, useful advice, it is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor. Also an important element in speech etiquette is a compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely said, he lifts the mood of the interlocutor, disposes to a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional coloring.

Situations of speech etiquette

The concept of situation plays a key role in the culture of speech etiquette. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:

personalities of interlocutors
place
time
motive

The personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Accounting for the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - to You and to You. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and great formality in conversation.

Place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for this place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.

In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events, the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to a detailed conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show a sign of respect, express a benevolent attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.

Any national speech etiquette imposes certain requirements on the representatives of their culture, and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given special meaning, and there was a strong belief in the effect of the word on the surrounding reality. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring certain events to life.

But the speech etiquette of different nations is also characterized by some common features, with a difference only in the forms of implementation of the speech norms of etiquette. In each cultural and linguistic group there are formulas of greeting and farewell, respectful appeal to elders by age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, not familiar with the peculiarities of national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, poorly educated person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different peoples; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.

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