Low-value fixed assets (FP) are fixed assets with a cost less than the limit established by law, which can be taken into account as expenses at a time, rather than through depreciation. Fixed assets are written off as expenses through depreciation. That is, such assets cannot be written off as expenses immediately when they are used, but are written off over their useful life in accordance with the chosen depreciation method. For fixed assets of insignificant value, the legislation establishes a special rule. Such fixed assets may not be depreciated, but written off as expenses immediately. Accounting and tax accounting have different limits, which is extremely inconvenient. Accounting The limit on the cost of fixed assets in accounting is determined by clause 5 of the Accounting Regulations “Accounting for Fixed Assets” PBU 6/01 (approved.
Low-value fixed assets in 2017
Attention
One of the important issues discussed in this article is also the accounting for the costs of routine repairs of low-cost assets. In accounting, you can recognize only those expenses for the repair of inexpensive assets that are economically justified and supported by documents.
Having analyzed the problems that accountants have when accounting for low-value assets, it was proposed to keep records of such property in a special sub-account opened to account 01 “Fixed Assets” or account 10 “Materials”, depending on the method established by the accounting policy for accepting low-value property for accounting, which will called “Accounting for low-value property”, which will allow, firstly, not to lose inexpensive property among other materials on account 10 and fixed assets on account 01. And secondly, assign this property to a specific employee of the company, making him responsible for its safety.
Low-value fixed assets (fixed assets)
Accounting for low-value wear-and-tear items (IBP) is an extremely important category in accounting. In its activities, no enterprise can do without the mentioned phenomenon.
In this article we will try to give as complete and detailed an answer as possible to the question: “IBP - what is it?” A little theory Any enterprise buys and uses many products that cannot be classified as fixed assets. These are what are called low-value wearable items in accounting.
Important
To make it more clear, we’ll tell you what we’re actually talking about. What can be classified as IBP In essence, low-value and wearable items are means of labor, but their value is included in the enterprise’s reserves.
The basic principle of classifying this or that equipment, tool, etc. as an MBP is to determine its service life, as well as the initial price.
"low value" fixed assets
Accounting Law: 129-FZ, letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 29, 2010 N 07-02-06/56). Analytical accounting for it can be carried out in the context of nomenclature, batches of materials in operation or by financially responsible persons.
Typical accounting entries Based on accounting policies, taken into account as part of the inventory Dt 10 Kt 60, 76, 71 - low-value property acquired, Dt 19 Kt 60, 76 - allocated VAT on acquired low-value property, Dt 68 “Calculations for VAT” “Calculations for VAT” Kt 19 - VAT is written off to be credited to the budget, Dt 10 Kt 60.76 - costs of delivery, loading and other expenses associated with the acquisition of low-value property are reflected; Dt 19 - Kt 60, 76, subaccount “Calculations for VAT” - VAT is allocated for the amount of actual expenses associated with the purchase of low-value property; Dt 68 “Calculations for VAT” Kt 19 - VAT is written off and credited to the budget; Dt 20 (23, 25, 26, 44) Kt 10 low-value property transferred to operation.
How to account for low-value property?
Moreover, if this is not done, then all assets, regardless of cost, will need to be recorded as fixed assets in account 01 “Fixed Assets” and accounted for in accordance with PBU 6/01; Point 3 – this norm states that the cost of the limit should not exceed 40,000 rubles, but there is no limit on the lower limit. Consequently, the organization has the right to set a limit of 40,000 rubles, i.e.
it may be less than this limit. For example, it could be 20,000 or 10,000 rubles. etc; And finally, point 4 - the last sentence of paragraph 4, clause 5 of PBU 6/01 contains the requirements: to ensure the safety of these objects in production, and how to organize control over the movement of such assets? The first, according to the opinion of the Russian Ministry of Finance, set out in a letter dated May 30, 2006.
Acquisition of fixed assets. part 2: acquisition of “low value” property
This way, it will be possible to document that the property was accounted for in an off-balance sheet account. The journal should indicate the name of the object, inventory number, date of commissioning, value of the property, employee responsible for safety, and subsequently the date of disposal of the object.
The basis for recording a low-value item in the journal may be a demand invoice or other document confirming the commissioning of a “low-value” item. The company can use unified forms approved by Decree of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a, or its own forms enshrined in the accounting policy.
Instead of off-balance sheet accounting (or together with it), you can create an accounting card for each item of low-value property. There is no ready-made form that would contain all the necessary data (there is form No. M-17, but it is cumbersome and does not contain a graph for the disposal and movement of objects).
Mbp - what is it? accounting for low-value and wearable items
New in “low-value” accounting Low-value fixed assets 2018 are the property of an organization, the value of which does not exceed the limit established by law, and it can be taken into account as an expense at a time, and not through depreciation charges. To determine which objects can be classified as low-value fixed assets, from what amount 2018 should be calculated and how to take them into account, we will determine the maximum limits.
Limits on the value of fixed assets have been adjusted. Now, objects that cost 10,000 rubles or less should be classified as environmental assets subject to immediate write-off on the balance sheet. Let us recall that until 2018, fixed assets with a value of up to 3,000.00 rubles were recognized as such property. How much should I charge 100% depreciation on fixed assets this year? The cost limits have also been adjusted: from 10,000 to 100,000 rubles.
Accounting for low-value property
Info
The Tax Code does not contain a special rule allowing the recognition of expenses for the repair of assets whose cost does not exceed 100,000 rubles. for a unit. But, as already noted, in tax accounting assets worth no more than 100,000 rubles.
do not relate to fixed assets, therefore, the costs of their repair cannot be taken into account, referring to Art. 260 NK. Another important point is that these expenses are not mentioned in Article 270 of the Tax Code; in the list of expenses they are not taken into account for tax purposes. Consequently, despite the absence of norms, the organization will still be able to recognize such expenses when calculating income tax on the basis of subparagraph. 49 clause 1 art. 264 NK. In this case, it would again be useful to recall that only those expenses for the repair of inexpensive assets can be recognized that are economically justified and supported by documents, i.e. meet the criteria of Art. 252 NK.
Low value property
Almost any organization has furniture, computers, printers and other inexpensive objects necessary for work. This property must be accepted for accounting and tax accounting, their safety must be monitored, and primary documents must be drawn up. Let's look at how to do this correctly, as well as how to track the presence of such objects after they are written off. The Concept of Low-Value Assets Companies often purchase office equipment and other items that will be used for more than 12 months.
These objects are used: - for the production of products (provision of services or performance of work) or for the management needs of the company; - for a long time (more than a year). The company does not plan to sell such items in the future.
It is assumed that such property can bring income (benefit) to the company. In accordance with clause 4 of PBU 6/01 “Accounting for fixed assets”, such objects can be classified as fixed assets.
How to keep records of low-value fixed assets
When calculating monthly depreciation, on the contrary, the “tax” profit exceeds the “accounting” profit, because depreciation deductions are made in accounting, but they are not in tax accounting. This creates a temporary difference that is deductible.
It generates a deferred tax asset (DTA), which is shown in the debit of account 09 “Deferred tax assets” and the credit of account 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees”. The value of IT is equal to the deductible temporary difference multiplied by the income tax rate.
It is possible that the company will sell or liquidate fixed assets before the end of their useful life. In this case, both the taxable and temporary differences will remain partially outstanding.
In such a situation, the deferred tax liability and the deferred tax asset must be written off to account 99 “Profits and losses”. Bibliographic link Shakova F.M., Semenova F.Z.
VAT) 10 60, 70, 69, 71, 76, … 5 Simultaneously with posting item 4: VAT on additional expenses is taken into account 19 60, 71, 76 … 6 VAT is submitted for deduction on additional expenses associated with the acquisition of “low-value” property 68 19 7 The cost of acquired “low-value” property is written off as expenses 20, 23, 25, 26, 44 10 8 “low-value” property is taken into account in off-balance sheet account 012*<* забалансовый счет для учета «малоценного» имущества Пример 1. В декабре аудиторская фирма «ИСК» (ООО) приобрела для штатного аудитора ноутбук стоимостью 29 500 руб., в т.
including VAT (18%) – RUB 4,500. On the day of purchase, the laptop was accepted as part of fixed assets and put into operation.
How low-value fixed assets are accounted for
For environmental protection assets costing more than 100,000 rubles, depreciation should be calculated in accordance with the chosen method. Let us remind you that in 2018 there are three methods for calculating depreciation:
- linear is the only method available until this year;
- reducing balance method;
- method of writing off the cost in proportion to the products produced.
Consequently, all property of an institution worth up to 100,000 rubles can be classified as “low value”.
IMPORTANT! The organization is obliged to consolidate the key points of accounting for fixed assets, including low-value property, in its accounting policies. Otherwise, problems with the Federal Tax Service cannot be avoided. Peculiarities of recognition of fixed assets This year, new federal accounting standards have radically adjusted the procedure for recognizing fixed assets.
Key changes are enshrined in Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 257n.
“Low-valued” fixed assets, “Low-valued” fixed assets, Commentary, clarification, article dated May 01, 2012
Russian accountant, N 5, 2012
Elena Vidunets, magazine expert
From January 1, 2011, fixed assets with a value not exceeding 40,000 rubles. per unit (before January 1, 2011 - 20,000 rubles) clause 5 of PBU 6/01 allowed to be taken into account as part of inventories. That is, in accounting, these assets can be taken into account both as part of current and non-current assets. Let's talk about the nuances of accounting.
To do this, the organization should set a specific cost limit not exceeding 40,000 rubles, and also register it in its accounting policy (clause 7 of PBU 1/2008 “Accounting Policy of the Organization”, clause 5 of PBU 6/01).
Having determined the procedure for accounting for low-value property, the organization must adhere to it in relation to all objects that will meet the selected cost criterion.
Accordingly, in the absence of an established limit in the accounting policy, such assets are by default recognized as fixed assets regardless of their value and are subject to depreciation in the general manner (letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia N 07-05-06/36 dated February 8, 2007).
In tax accounting, property worth less than 40,000 rubles.
is not recognized as depreciable, and in any case is subject to one-time inclusion in the current expenses of the reporting (tax) period (clause 1 of Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, clause 1 of Article 257 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation).
If, according to the established limit, “low-value” fixed assets are reflected as part of inventories (MP), then in order to account for them, the relevant requirements of PBU 5/01 “Accounting for inventories” and Guidelines for accounting of inventories, approved by the Order, must be met Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 N 119n.
Such objects are subject to accounting on account 10 “Materials”, and a separate sub-account can be provided.
The receipt of low-value assets is documented as the receipt of materials, that is, a receipt order is issued in form N M-4 and a materials accounting card is created in form N M-17 (Resolution of the State Statistics Committee of Russia dated October 30, 1997 N 71a).
In this case, it is not necessary to fill out Form N OS-1.
By virtue of clause 5, clause 6 of PBU 5/01, inventories are accepted for accounting at their actual cost.
In this case, an entry is made to the debit of cost accounting account 20 (26, 44) and the credit of account 10 “Materials”.
When writing off, a claim invoice is drawn up in form N M-11 and a corresponding disposal record is made in card N M-17 (clauses 5, 7, 8 PBU 10/99, Instructions for using the Chart of Accounts).
To ensure control over the movement and safety of low-value property during operation, you can open a special off-balance sheet account (paragraph 4, paragraph 5 of PBU 6/01; paragraph 1, article 9 of the Accounting Law: 129-FZ, letter of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated April 29, 2010 N 07-02-06/56). Analytical accounting for it can be carried out in the context of nomenclature, batches of materials in operation or by financially responsible persons.
Typical accounting entries
Based on accounting policies, it is taken into account as part of inventories
Dt 10 Kt 60, 76, 71 - low-value property acquired,
Dt 19 Kt 60, 76 - VAT is allocated on acquired low-value property,
Dt 68 “Calculations for VAT” “Calculations for VAT” Kt 19 - VAT is written off for credit to the budget,
Dt 10 Kt 60.76 - reflects the costs of delivery, loading and other expenses associated with the acquisition of low-value property;
Dt 19 - Kt 60, 76, subaccount “Calculations for VAT” - VAT is allocated for the amount of actual expenses associated with the purchase of low-value property;
Dt 68 “Calculations for VAT” Kt 19 - VAT is written off and credited to the budget;
Dt 20 (23, 25, 26, 44) Kt 10 low-value property transferred to operation.
Dt 012 - low-value property is taken into account off the balance sheet.
Based on accounting policies, it is taken into account as part of fixed assets
Dt 08.4 Kt 60, 76 - reflects the costs of purchasing low-value property;
Dt 19 - Kt 68, subaccount “Calculations for VAT” - VAT is allocated for the amount of actual purchase costs;
4 Kt 60, 76 - reflect the costs of delivery, loading and other expenses associated with the acquisition of low-value property;
Dt 19 - Kt 68, subaccount “Calculations for VAT” - VAT is allocated for the amount of actual expenses associated with the purchase of low-value property;
Dt 01 Kt 08.
4 - low-value property is accepted for accounting as part of the operating system;
Dt 68, subaccount “Calculations for VAT” Kt 19 - VAT is accepted for deduction on expenses associated with the purchase of low-value property;
Dt 68, subaccount “Calculations for VAT” Kt 19 - accepted for deduction of VAT from the amount of actual purchase expenses;
Dt 20 (23, 25, 26, 44) Kt 02 - during the useful life established by the organization, depreciation is accrued
Example
An accounting organization purchased a wardrobe worth 23,600 rubles, including VAT - 3,600 rubles. The accounting policy of the organization for accounting purposes provides for the accounting of assets with a useful life of more than 12 months and a cost of no more than 40,000 rubles. per unit as part of inventories. Next, the wardrobe is put into operation.
No. Contents of business Corresponding accounts Amount, rub. Primary document of the transaction Debit Credit 1 Sliding wardrobe accepted for accounting 10.9 “Inventory and household supplies” 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors” 20000 Consignment note, receipt order (M-4) 2 VAT on the purchased sliding wardrobe 19.3 “Tax for added value on purchased inventories" 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" 3600 Supplier invoice 3 The sliding wardrobe was put into operation, its cost was written off as a lump sum expense 26 "General business expenses" 10.9 "Inventory and household supplies » 20000 Requirement invoice (M-11)
Almost every company has assets that are considered to be of low value. You can find out what exactly applies to low-value fixed assets in 2017 and how to take such fixed assets into account in the following article.
All organizations acquire for themselves some objects that they plan to use for more than a year. These objects:
- Used for a long time;
- They are used for the manufacture of goods, or for the management needs of a company.
The organization does not intend to sell such OS in the future. She's going to make a profit from them.
The legislation states that if the price of an object does not exceed one hundred thousand rubles, then in accounting it is allowed to be taken into account as inventory. It is precisely this kind of property that is of little value in 2017.
Reflection in accounting policies
The company's accounting policies for accounting purposes must contain the following provisions:
- At the cost of each unit;
- At average cost;
- At the cost of inventories purchased first in time.
- Subaccount 10 of the “materials” account, which will show the movement of low-value objects for accounting purposes;
- An off-balance sheet account against which you can check the actual availability of low-value fixed assets.
Transactions for the acquisition of low-value objects
In the case when a company buys low-value operating systems, the following entries are made in accounting:
- D10 – K60 – acceptance of an object for accounting on the basis of documentation received from the seller;
- D19 – K60 – reflection of the submitted VAT based on the invoice;
- D20, 26, 44 – K10 – transfer of the object for use, one-time write-off of the price for expenses;
- D68 – K19 – acceptance of VAT amount for deduction;
- D60 – K51 – implementation of non-cash payments with the seller.
Postings for disposal of low-value fixed assets
In the event that low-value property is removed from the company’s records, the following entries are made in the accounting department:
- D10 – K91-1 – acceptance for accounting of a previously written-off item at the market price as of the date of capitalization;
- D62 - K91-1 - recognition of other income on the date when ownership of the object transferred to the buyer;
- D91-2 – K68 – accrual of VAT payable to the budget;
- D51, 50 – K62 – receiving money from the buyer;
- D91-2 – K10 – recognition of another expense when writing off the price of an object.
Off-balance sheet accounting
As a rule, accounting for low-value objects put into use is carried out on off-balance sheet accounts. For example, you can enter account 012 (low-value objects). Thanks to this you will be able to:
- Monitor the actual availability of low-value objects after they are written off;
- Check which employees are responsible for certain objects;
- If additional costs associated with the use of “low value”, confirm their legal validity.
The procedure for writing off low-value property in an organization
You can also create a unified card for each individual object. Example No. 2. One of the activities of the Magnolia enterprise is renting out bicycles for adults. The accounting policy provides for the inclusion in the inventory of fixed assets worth up to 38 thousand rubles.
Magnolia has updated its bicycle fleet by purchasing five new models. The cost of one was 12 thousand rubles. (RUB 1,830 – VAT). The total cost of purchasing goods is 60 thousand rubles. (9,150 – VAT). Accounts Amount, rub.
Description Debit Credit 10 60 50 850 (60 000-9150) purchase costs noted 19 60 9150 input VAT taken into account 60 51 60 000 transfer of money to the seller 68 19 9150 VAT is deducted 20 10 50 850 the cost of bicycles is written off when transferring them to the rental point Drawing up an act for writing off low-value property In order to write off small-scale equipment with a service life of up to a year, the standard form MB-8 is used.
Low value property
Important: Only its cost side matters to him. All assets contained in the account. 02, 10 (11), in tax accounting are considered material expenses. Read also the article: → “Account 02 in accounting: postings.
Depreciation (wear and tear) of fixed assets.”
This means that in the corresponding amount they reduce the income received from sales for a certain reporting period. Their cost is written off immediately after the actual transfer to work.
Tax accounting does not provide for control over low-value items, namely, over their physical movement, as is done in accounting.
Top five questions that are asked most often Question No. 1.
Write-off of “low-value” property upon liquidation of an organization
According to clause 5 of PBU 6/01, if a fixed asset costs no more than 40,000 rubles, then in accounting it can be taken into account as part of inventories. The organization must establish the limit in its accounting policies. It is this category of assets, which, on the one hand, are used in the organization for more than a year, and on the other, their value is written off at a time, that we will talk about.
Low-value fixed assets in 2017
Attention: Based on this, the value of the low value is written off: Dt 26 → Kt 10 Question No. 3. How to determine the amount of low-value property? The amount depends on the characteristics of the enterprise. IBP does not include OS whose cost is more than 40 thousand.
rub.
These two factors should be taken into account and fixed for accounting purposes (mandatory) in the order on accounting policies. Question No. 4. Is it possible to write off low-value property on the day it is received if payment for it has not yet been reflected in the accounts? Is it possible.
In accounting, a low value can be written off at the same time it is received.
Whether the payment has passed or not at this time does not matter. Question No. 5. An individual entrepreneur bought a microwave for his employees. Will its cost be included in the expenses of the simplified tax system? No.
Expenses can only include those that are fully justified and used in production.
Accounting for low-value property
How to monitor the safety of low-value property The legislation does not say exactly how to monitor the safety of “low-value” property. Therefore, you should develop the procedure for such control yourself, enshrining it in your accounting policies for accounting purposes.
There are two most common methods, you can choose one of them or use both. Method one: keep off-balance sheet accounting. Reflecting “low value” on the balance sheet, firstly, allows you to “not lose” inexpensive property among other materials on account 10.
And secondly, assign this property to a specific employee of the company and make him responsible for its safety. To keep track of “low value” off-balance sheet, open an off-balance sheet account.
For example, account 012 “Low value property”.
Write-off of low-value and wear-and-tear items in a budget organization
How to properly organize accounting and write-off in such cases? These questions come before the accountant of every organization, since not a single enterprise can do without the use of this type of materials in production. Let's take a closer look at how to properly organize accounting for the movement of these things in production. Article navigation
- 1 What is MBP
- 2 Main features of IBP for inclusion in the write-off act
- 3 How to draw up an act
- 4 What are the accounting entries with IBP
- 5 What should be included in the act
- 6 How to issue an order for a commission to write off an IBP
- 7 Inventory of IBP
What is MBP? In almost every type of activity and in industry, there is inventory that does not belong to the main means of production, but is a mandatory accompanying type of materials.
Attention: At the same time, in production they often resorted to a price limit, without taking into account the service period.
In this way, IBEs were formed into an independent group, which was dealt with by entire departments of institutes, conducting various studies on them.
How to draw up an act To draw up an act, a special type of entering information is provided. The form was developed according to the MB-8 form, approved at the legislative level of the Russian Federation.
The document code is indicated in the OKUD classifier with the value 0320004. But, despite the same requirements for the execution of this act, organizations can edit it and make their own changes for ease of filling out.
The order to appoint competent members of the commission is issued by the head of the organization.
Low-value and wear-and-tear items (MBP)
In particular, it is required to indicate:
- name of the object being written off;
- its nomenclature and inventory numbers;
- unit of measurement;
- cost and number of objects being written off (if they are of the same type);
- passport number of the item being written off;
- the date when operation of the facility began;
- date and reason for write-off.
After the act is completed and executed, both the chairman of the commission and all its members put their signatures at the end of the document, indicating their initials and positions. The procedure for drawing up the act is completed by the storekeeper, who marks the date of acceptance of the written-off low-value property into the warehouse.
Important: The second option was, of course, used more often. It was simpler for an accountant. Moreover, the first one had its drawbacks. In the month of purchase, the entire cost of the object was included in the balance sheet, and this illogically increased the profit of that month.
There was another drawback in accounting for IBP. There are some things whose price is low.
Practicing accountants insisted that these items were immediately written off as operating expenses.
And there is no need for any depreciation or wear. Quite convenient, isn't it? But theorists were very confused by this approach. However, their opinion did not have much influence on the outcome of the case.
Practice remains practice, because all this reduced the profit of the enterprise in the month of purchase, and therefore simplified the work of accountants.
Act on write-off of low-value and wear-and-tear items
In the month when the MBP was purchased, its full cost was reflected in the entries and unjustified profits immediately increased. And although in the future the amount gradually decreased due to wear and tear and, accordingly, contributed to a decrease in profits in the future, this was still not entirely correct.
Both methods of writing off IBP are considered imperfect from a scientific point of view. There is another significant drawback in accounting for IBP, which concerns things with very low prices.
Write-off of IBP according to Shchuko To facilitate the accounting of products, accountants ensured that low-value funds were immediately written off as current expenses in the month of their receipt. In this case, there is no need to calculate the percentage of depreciation or amortization, which is a convenient point for accounting. Theorists were outraged by this write-off procedure, but this did not affect the outcome of the case.
Disposal of low-value and high-wear items
It should be taken into account that we consider as IBP part of the organization’s inventories, the service life of which is less than one year, while their cost does not play a role (they are wearable). Another principle for classifying goods into this group is the upper limit on the cost of low-value wearable items.
It is this that determines whether to classify them as fixed assets or specifically as IBP. Thus, the cost of the MBP is a significant criterion.
Using a similar definition, low-value wearable items include work clothes, shoes, office equipment, dishes, household items, etc.
Regardless of the useful life and cost, the MBP group also includes specialized tools, devices for single-purpose purposes necessary for production; replacement equipment parts; fishing gear; chainsaws.
During the work, members of the commission examine quickly worn-out equipment and study the technical documentation attached to it. Thus, the degree of wear and suitability of the inspected tools and other materials associated with the production process is established.
When writing off certain items, the commission is based not only on examination data. All characteristics set out in the technical documentation are taken into account. When filling out the columns of the form for writing off IBP, their initial cost is first displayed.
It is taken from the costs that were actually spent on their acquisition or production. If it is decided that such items can be sold, then this can happen either at the same cost or at a price different from the original price of the product.
It must be taken into account that when they are sold for an amount exceeding their cost, the difference must be included in the organization’s income. In other cases, an act is drawn up for the write-off of low-value and wear-and-tear items, the form of which is filled out separately by type of similar items in a single copy.
The completed form is transferred to the warehouse together with the MBP to be disposed of. Storekeepers are required to sign the form to confirm that materials have been written off.
From the warehouse, the document goes to the accounting department as a fundamental act for removing unsuitable materials and tools from accounting.
To enter information on the depreciation of low-value items with a short useful life, use account 13 “Depreciation of IBP”.
According to its credit, in correspondence with the production cost accounts, the amount of depreciation of the IBP is shown, and the debit of account 13 from credit 12 reflects the purchase cost of inventory that has been retired.
They formalize the transfer of the IBP into operation for long-term use using an invoice. In case of their breakdown, damage, loss of tools and devices, the head of the department must draw up a decommissioning act for the IBP.
An exception in these cases concerns circumstances in which the worker’s guilt in the unsuitability of the IBP is established, since the cost of a damaged or lost item must be deducted from his salary. What should be included in the act There are no particular difficulties in documenting the write-off of the IBP.
Download sample form No. MB-8 IMPORTANT! If it is simultaneously decided to write off several items at once, the MB-8 act must be issued separately for each such item, if they belong to different types. A general act can be for several items of the same type.
Results An act for writing off low-value and wear-and-tear items is drawn up in cases where the company decided to write off items that were no longer suitable for use, necessary for the implementation of the work process, but due to their insignificant value were not accepted as part of the operating system. Such an act is drawn up either according to the standard form MB-8, or according to its own template, which also contains all the necessary information about the object being retired from use.
VAT);
For your information! Immediately after capitalization, it is allowed to write off in full objects with a service life of up to 12 months, or in parts, objects for which use is planned for 2 years.
Despite the possibility of complete or partial write-off, the assessment of IBP in accounting is reflected until it is completely worn out.
Read more about the criteria for classification as fixed assets in the article “Guidelines for accounting of fixed assets.”
Despite the fact that such objects are not considered fixed assets, they have a certain service life, after which the company can no longer operate them. In such a situation, it becomes necessary to write off these property items. For these purposes, a special act is drawn up.
NOTE! Currently, there is no single form of the act in question that is mandatory for all companies.
At the same time, until 2013, this was the MB-8 template, approved by Decree of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation dated October 30, 1997 No. 71a. Therefore, when writing off low-value property in 2017, a company can use the standard form of the MB-8 act or draw up a write-off act developed independently.
To what account should the MBP be written off from operation?
When the low-valuation will be used in production for more than 12 months, the accountant makes the following notes: Accounts Description Debit Credit 08 60 The low-valuation is capitalized upon the fact of its receipt 19 (1) 60 Reflection of VAT 01 08 The low-valuation is put into operation 68 19 (1) VAT is credited 20 or 23 02 Depreciation has been accrued (all 100% of the value of the low-priced value can be applied at once, or part of it for the first quarter or year) 02 01 The depreciation amount has been written off (but not before the object is completely written off) When using IBP for less than a year, the postings are as follows: Accounts Description Debit Credit 10 (10) 60 IBP are capitalized according to the facts of their receipt 19 (1) 60 VAT 20 or 23 10 (11) Low-valuation is transferred for use 68 19 VAT is credited 10 (11) 02 Depreciation is written off in 100% of the value of low-valuation Inventory and household supplies are capitalized according to account 10 (9). They will be listed until they go into service.
Practice has shown the advantages of this method of writing off IBP, since it immediately reduced the revenue side in the month of purchase and made it easier to account for them. Since the amount of depreciation is included in production costs, it must be taken into account when determining the tax contribution. As we have already described, very often in practice accounting is carried out in the two most convenient ways:
- calculation of depreciation in the amount of 50% of the original cost when issuing them from the warehouse for operation, and the second half after receiving the decommissioning certificate for the IBP
- reflect 100% wear and tear when issuing MBP to workers to perform production tasks
The law does not provide for strict restrictions on this matter, therefore the enterprise has the right to independently choose the most convenient method of calculating depreciation of the IBP and apply it throughout the entire calendar year.
Mbp - what is it? accounting for low-value and wearable items
It is advisable to draw it up when inexpensive property has completely worn out and has become unsuitable for further use for its intended purpose. The BM-8 form is not mandatory today. But it can be taken as a basis for developing your own form of act at the enterprise. The decision to write off low-value assets is made by the liquidation commission.
She is appointed as a manager and collaborates with the accounting staff. Low-value property must be recorded at its actual cost when written off. The document is signed by each member of the commission, approved by the head and sent to the accounting department.
Features of accounting for low-value and wearable items
After the transfer of the IBP registers compiled during the inventory, a reconciliation of their actual availability and those recorded in the accounting department is carried out.
If, in the process of reviewing the compliance of the inventory with accounting data, discrepancies are identified, then the first step is to establish the reasons for their occurrence.
Further accounting will depend on whether it is necessary to write off worn-out equipment or deduct their value from the salary of the person responsible for the disappearance or breakdown.
Features of accounting and taxation of low-value and wearable items
- special clothing and equipment used in production (in operation) (s/sch.10/11);
- accessories, household equipment (s/account 10/9).
Receipt of low-value objects in the amount of the initial one, i.e. actual cost is reflected by transactions:
- Debit account 10/9, 10 / Credit account. 60 (acceptance of objects with a service life of up to 12 months);
- Debit account 10/9, 10 / Credit account. 20, 23 (acceptance of objects manufactured in auxiliary production facilities of the enterprise).
The receipt of IBP with a period of use exceeding 12 months is reflected as follows:
- Debit account 08 / Credit account 60 (acceptance of objects with a service life of 12 months or more);
- Debit account 19 / Credit account 60 (VAT);
- Debit account 01 / Credit account 08 (direction of the IBP for use);
- Debit account 68 / Credit account.
Accounting for workwear: receipt, service life, write-off
- Debit account 20, 23 / Credit account. 02 (accrual of depreciation);
- Debit account 02 / Credit account 01 (write-off of an item not earlier than its complete wear and tear).
The price of the IBP is written off to accounts 20, 25, 26, 44 depending on the place of its use (auxiliary or main production) using the following transactions:
- Debit account 10/9 / Credit account 60 (acceptance of IBP into account).
- Debit account 20 (25, 26, 44) / Credit account. 10/9 (writing off an item after it is completely worn out).
For your information! Immediately after capitalization, it is allowed to write off in full objects with a service life of up to 12 months, or in parts, objects for which use is planned for 2 years. Despite the possibility of complete or partial write-off, the assessment of IBP in accounting is reflected until it is completely worn out.
For this purpose, the commission or the head of the unit draws up a normative act in the MB-8 form. The document should reflect the following parameters:
- positions and individual details of commission members
- name of the IBP
- the retiring quantity in units of measurement that is used to account for these materials or products
- reason for write-off
After filling out the information about the recycled IBP, the members of the commission sign the act. It must also contain the signatures of the accountant for accounting of goods and materials and the financially responsible person.
After all these persons have signed the document, the document is endorsed by the chief accountant and the manager.
How to issue an order on a commission for writing off small business enterprises In order to regulate issues of writing off small business enterprises at an enterprise, a permanent commission is appointed by order of the head.
It includes current assets for which:
- cost - for one unit no more than 40 thousand rubles;
- operating time - up to a year or two;
- subsequent resale is not envisaged.
They are also characterized by:
- application in the manufacture of goods directly or for the purpose of managing the production process;
- assistance in generating income.
Low-value property is included in current assets, and their value is written off as expenses:
- completely, provided that the service life is one year;
- in parts, when he is 2 years old.
Although small business enterprises are written off, they continue to be reflected in accounting (not in tax accounting) as part of industrial property. And at the enterprise, their movement must be constantly monitored to ensure safety.
In the same way, you can replace the material and use gloves made of polymer materials instead of rubber products to protect your hands.
PPE such as a safety belt, dielectric gloves, galoshes, a mat, goggles, shields, a gas mask, a respirator, a helmet, a mosquito net, shoulder pads, a helmet, elbow pads, plugs, antiphons, helmets, light filters and other items not specified in the Model Standards may be issued to employees after preliminary certification of workplaces. The nature of the work performed is examined, and the period of use is determined - until complete wear and tear or as spare parts.
PPE issued to employees must match their height, gender, size, and work conditions. The standby protective equipment provided for by the Model Standards must be provided to employees solely for the duration of the work for which they were originally provided.
Initially it was assumed that the first, second and third groups would be classified as fixed assets. But in practice, people remembered the price limit and forgot about the service time. So the IBP became an independent group.
Entire departments of institutes were engaged in research on low-value and wearable items.
How to work with MBP. Theorists vs practitioners Practice has developed several options: 1. Items counting 12 “Low-value wear-and-tear items” were received and transferred for use.
They were carried out at the cost of acquisition in the asset. And at the end of each month, 1/12 of this price was written off as expenses.
That is, the service life could be more than a year, but the cost of equipment or, say, inventory was written off exactly in 12 months. 2. Upon commissioning of the facility, depreciation of 50% was immediately accrued. And the remaining 50% – at the time of its write-off.
Attention
Rice. 3.1. Cases when small business enterprises are subject to deregistration. Disposal as a result of damage or loss. The expiration of the standard service life in itself is not the reason for the removal of the MBP from service. The MBP is taken out of service and deregistered if its further use for its intended purpose is impossible, for example due to complete wear and tear or malfunction.
However, wear and tear or breakdown may occur before the end of the item's standard service life. This means that by the time the small business enterprise is written off from the register, its cost may not be fully repaid using certain depreciation methods. Let's consider the operations for writing off MBP from the register under various options for decommissioning at the Velmash plant.
Such transactions are reflected in accounting as follows: Debit of account 10, Credit of account 12-2 - the cost of material assets received as a result of disposal of the small business enterprise.
Dear little price
Agree, dear colleagues. If a certain material resource meets the criteria for recognition of fixed assets (see clause 4 of PBU 6/01), but is too low-valued to be listed under the article of the same name, then this is a clear sign: we are dealing with the good old IBP - low-value, wearable items.
Only the language has undergone changes - the term “IBE” has been removed from the professional accounting lexicon. And is it worth considering the removal of account 13 “Depreciation of IBP” from the Chart of Accounts as a change, if there is account 10.11 that completely satisfies us in this regard? About this in particular, and in general - about the modern methodology for accounting for low value - here and now.
From clause 5 of PBU 6/01:
Yes, that’s it - the good old low value: we include current assets and at the same time (or upon commissioning) write off their entire cost as expenses if their service life is determined to be one year, or write off half the cost, and the second next year half if the service life is two years.
After writing off the cost of a low-value resource as an expense, this item, since it, unlike raw materials and materials, is not included in the manufactured product with its physical composition, but is exploited during its manufacture or used for management purposes, it is physically present in production or management, and reusably.
And, of course, it is subject to accounting.
Simply put, if you bought a shovel and it is expected to serve you for a year or two, then your costs are its cost, but the shovel itself has not gone away: you will be digging with it for the entire period - a year or two.
But if during this period this item is stolen or broken, then you will have to buy a new one, and instead of spending on one shovel, you will incur the cost of two.
Is this justified from a business point of view? Of course not.
That is precisely why, for their physical preservation for the purpose of use within a certain period, low-value resources with zero book value are subject to accounting. Until the time for their physical write-off comes - in a year or two. Accounting with a zero book value is what in the cited paragraph 5 is called “proper control over their movement.”
Accounting accounts.
To begin with, please pay attention to the words in the quoted text of paragraph 5: “may be reflected […] in the composition of inventories.” They can. They just can. PBU in this part relies on the professional judgment of the accountant, giving him the right, but not obliging him. This is good. This means we have the right not to do this. Or do it.
In this regard, I advise you to lay the following principle as the basis for your accounting policy regarding the accounting of low-value resources.
Low value with an expected use period of more than 12 months should be taken into account in the corresponding subaccount of account 01. And low value with an expected use period of less than 12 months - on account 10.9 and 10.10, depending on which category these resources belong to according to the current Chart of Accounts.
Accordingly, the contractual to the subaccount of account 01 defined for this purpose will, as expected, be the corresponding subaccount of account 02. And the contractual to account 10.10 will be the account 10.11 specially designated for this purpose by the Chart of Accounts.
As for count 10.9, it does not need a contractive, because it takes into account household equipment and household supplies, “which are included in the funds in circulation.”
For example: disposable devices, disposable forms, mittens, rinsing and disinfectants, stationery, etc.
This is precisely the case in which debiting from the balance sheet when these items are issued for use is carried out immediately and is regulated by regulations, and therefore does not require subsequent accounting. And, if you like, one more difference: they are not assigned inventory numbers, which is impossible objectively.
Scheme of transactions for accounting for small business enterprises, depending on the expected period of use More than 12 months Less than 12 months
Inventory and household supplies included in funds in circulation, are credited to account 10.9 and are listed there until they are transferred for use, upon which they are written off entirely as expenses for the corresponding item of use:
So, as a result of reflecting the low value on accounts 01 and 10.10 at the original cost and reflecting the same value, respectively, on accounts 02 and 10.
11 when writing it off to current expense accounts, the book value of these assets will either be equal to zero (if 100% of the cost is written off upon issue) or, in the case of writing off the cost (depreciation) in parts, their book value until a certain time will have some residual price.
In other words, the depreciation method allows us to obtain a balance sheet in which the full cost is listed for the active item, and the same cost with a minus sign for the contractual item, as a result of which we have a working resource on the balance sheet at zero cost. The perfect solution.
A few words about expense accounts, with which, when writing off costs (accruing depreciation), accounts 02 and 10.11 should be corresponded. It is generally accepted that since the Tax Code classifies such expenses as indirect, and, accordingly, they are shown in the declaration as indirect, then in accounting they should be written off exclusively to account 26. This is incorrect.
Firstly, indirect costs are not only management costs, not only general business expenses. The organization also incurs indirect costs in its production departments.
Because all expenses that cannot be directly taken into account in the cost of products (works, services) are indirect expenses, i.e. indirect.
They are taken into account in accounts 23, 25, 26, depending on the location of the formation of cost centers.
Secondly, depreciation fits quite well into the category of direct costs. For example, depreciation of equipment used directly in the manufacture of products. According to accounting rules, it should be attributed to account 20. Or to account 21 if the equipment was used for the production of semi-finished products of its own production.
Tax aspect
Here, it would seem, there is an obstacle: “Depreciable property is property with a useful life of more than 12 months and an original cost of more than 40,000 rubles” (clause 1 of Art.
256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation), and we are dealing with precisely such property - worth up to 40.0 thousand rubles. and a service life of insignificant duration.
Although the latter is unimportant, because in order to classify property as depreciable, both conditions must be met. The obstacle is apparent.
Everything is very simple. There are no such restrictions in accounting, and tax accounting does not care what resources the asset on your balance sheet consists of; Fiscal authorities do not and cannot care about the accounting of purely physical units - they are only interested in the cost, financial aspect of accounting.
The case under consideration is one of those points where tax accounting and accounting do not intersect and, at the same time, do not contradict one another in any way. Everything that we write down on the credit of accounts 02 and 10.
11, in tax accounting refers to material expenses (see clause 3, clause 1, Article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation) and, according to Art.
318 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, such expenses are classified as indirect and fully reduce the income from sales of the corresponding reporting period.
There is an opinion that the accounting of low-value resources should be treated in exactly the same way: charge their cost to expenses (or, if through depreciation, then immediately write off from the credit of the account on which these resources were listed), and forget about them forever. That is, treat the operation of transferring a certain material resource into operation as a final write-off of it from the balance sheet.
No, you can't do that. This is unprofessional.
An accountant who respects himself and his profession will categorically refuse such an offer, simply remembering the importance of strict compliance with the Accounting Regulations. So, the same p.
5 PBU 6/01 states: “In order to ensure the safety of these objects in production or during operation, the organization must organize proper control over their movement.”
So, what needs to be done to ensure control over the safety of the resource after writing off its value upon its release into operation (for use by the responsible person)?
In accounting
- On the first day of the month following the month in which the fact of commissioning (transfer for use) occurred, reflect this fact with postings according to the scheme proposed above. As a result, the count is 01 or 10.
10, this low-value item will be physically listed at its original cost, and, in combination with contract 02 or 10.11, at book value, i.e. according to the residual value, which, in the case of a 100% write-off of the cost of the item, will be zero.
One way or another, its physical presence will be taken into account, and the movement will be ensured by proper control. Periodic reports from financially responsible persons are, as before, mandatory.
In tax accounting
- Upon commissioning, write off the entire cost as material expenses. And forget. Tax accounting does not provide for control over the physical presence and movement of such resources.
Tax accounting operates with cost categories, and only cost categories; accounting operates with physical ones too. Hence the difference in approaches to depreciation. There is no property with zero value for tax purposes.
From the point of view of accounting, depreciation is a write-off of the value of an object, but not its physical write-off.
UPD: According to paragraph 7 of Article 1 of the Federal Law of April 20, 2014 No. 81-FZ “On Amendments to Part Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation”, the taxpayer, starting from January 1, 2015, has the right to write off the value of property that is not depreciable over more than one reporting period.
clause 3 clause 1 of Article 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation as amended until December 31, 2014 as amended on January 1, 2015 3) for the purchase of tools, devices, equipment, devices, laboratory equipment, work clothes and other personal and collective protection provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and other property that is not depreciable property. The cost of such property is included in material costs in full as it is put into operation; 3) for the purchase of tools, fixtures, equipment, instruments, laboratory equipment, work clothes and other means of individual and collective protection provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, and other property that is not depreciable property. The cost of such property is included in material costs in full as it is put into operation. In order to write off the value of the property specified in this subparagraph for more than one reporting period, the taxpayer has the right to independently determine the procedure for recognizing material expenses in the form of the cost of such property, taking into account the period of its use or other economically feasible indicators.
Recognition of fixed assets as depreciable in accounting and tax accounting depends, among other things, on their cost. We will tell you about the features of accounting for fixed assets up to 100,000 rubles in 2020 for accounting and profit tax purposes in our consultation.
Accounting for fixed assets worth up to 100,000 rubles
In any case, it is important to take into account that fixed assets worth more than 40,000 rubles cannot be reflected in accounting as materials, even if this is provided for in the Accounting Policy. Therefore, fixed assets from 40,000 to 100,000 cannot be accounted for by the organization in account 10 “Materials”. At the same time, when we say “from 40,000,” we mean more than 40,000, since an object with an initial cost of exactly 40,000 rubles can still be taken into account as inventories.
Therefore, accounting for expenses of property worth less than 40,000 rubles will be carried out in accordance with the procedure established for.
Fixed assets up to 100,000: tax accounting
Fixed assets less than 100,000 rubles are not considered depreciable property in tax accounting (Clause 1, Article 256 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation). Accordingly, when such property is used, its cost will be reflected as expenses associated with production and sales, or non-operating expenses. The procedure for tax accounting of fixed assets worth less than 100,000 rubles will depend on the type of property and its purpose. Strictly speaking, property worth no more than 100,000 rubles for tax accounting purposes is not recognized as fixed assets at all (
Every enterprise has assets that are considered to be of low value. Accounting for the write-off of low-value fixed assets is a very important part of accounting. No organization can rid accounting of this. Low-value fixed assets are the property of an enterprise, the value of which is less than the limit specified by legislative regulations. However, this cost is allowed to be taken into account at a time in the category of expenses. The criteria by which low-value operating systems are allocated, as well as how write-off occurs, will be discussed in this article.
What property is classified as low value?
To determine objects classified as OS of this type, knowledge of the maximum value limits will be required. The limits on the initial cost of the OS have been adjusted. Currently, such assets that are subject to write-off on the balance sheet at the time of capitalization include property whose value is 10 thousand rubles or less. Accrual of 100% depreciation is necessary for fixed assets whose cost ranges from 10 thousand to 100 thousand rubles.
Thus, low-value and rapidly wearing objects are objects of labor, but their price is included in the organization’s reserves. The main rule for classifying an object into this category is:
- Establishment of his period of service;
- Initial cost.
It is important to understand that low-value fixed assets include those parts of an organization’s inventory whose service life is less than a year; in this case, their price does not matter (they are wearable).
Another criterion is the upper limit of the price of the fixed asset. It indicates whether the object is classified as fixed assets or low-value property.
Regardless of SPI and cost, IBP includes:
- Tools;
- Objects of specialized use used for production purposes;
- Spare parts;
- Chainsaws.
IBP is characterized by:
- Use in the preparation of goods directly or for management purposes;
- No further resale is planned;
- Application for profit.
A low-value fixed asset is an object that is acquired by an organization for long-term use. However, their original cost is written off as the cost of production.
Accounting policy for low-value fixed assets
The accounting policy of the organization must have such settings that pursue accounting goals:
- The price criterion established for classifying objects as low-value fixed assets has been determined. The limit cannot be more than 100 thousand rubles. If the limit limits are not defined, they are automatically set to zero.
- Methods for assessing low value in case of disposal. There are several methods:
- Focusing on the cost of each unit;
- At average cost;
- Guided by the cost of inventories that were purchased earlier in time.
- Primary documentation (indicating the forms of documents) that will serve to move property of this type:
- Registration;
- Commissioning;
- Disposal;
- Inventory.
- To maintain accounting records of low-value fixed assets, you will need to supplement the approved chart of accounts:
- A subaccount to account 10, which serves to reflect the movement of low-value property;
- Off-balance sheet accounts that will show the actual availability of objects.
Accounting for low-value fixed assets
At the time of receipt of low-value fixed assets, accounting records in the accounting records:
- Dt10 Kt60 – objects are accepted for accounting based on primary documents provided by the seller;
- Dt19 Kt60 – VAT according to SCHFK from the seller;
- Dt20,26,44 Kt10 – property transferred for use, cost written off as expenses;
- Dt68 Kt19 – accepted for VAT deduction;
- Dt60 Kt51 – funds were transferred to the supplier.
When such fixed assets are removed from the organization’s records, the accountant should make the following entries:
- Dt10 Kt91/1 – an object written off at market value on the date of capitalization is accepted for accounting;
- Dt62 Kt91/1 - income is recognized on the date when the object was taken into ownership;
- Dt91/2 Kt68 – VAT accrued for payment to the budget;
- Dt51.50 Kt62 – money received from the buyer;
- Dt91/2 Kt10 - expenses are recognized when writing off the cost of fixed assets.
Typically, accounting for low-value fixed assets that are put into operation is carried out on off-balance sheet accounts. This method helps:
- Tracking the actual availability of low-value objects after they are written off;
- Control financial responsibility for low-value fixed assets of employees;
- If there are additional costs associated with the use of low-value fixed assets, it is important to prove their legality.
Differences in accounting and tax accounting
Due to the fact that accounting and tax accounting establish different limits for classifying the value of fixed assets, differences arise between tax and low-value accounting.
For example, if an enterprise purchases a personal computer, the personal cost of which is 50 thousand rubles (excluding VAT). Then in accounting the PC will be recognized as an operating system and will be depreciated, and in tax accounting it will be written off as expenses from the beginning of its use.
Fixed assets that cost no more than 40 thousand rubles (or even lower than the limit specified in the accounting policy) will be taken into account in accounting as inventories on account 10 and written off as a debit to the expense account from the beginning of use in the production of the taxpayer (account 20, 23, 44, etc.).
Fixed assets that will cost from 40 thousand rubles (or below the limit established by the accounting policy) and up to 100 thousand rubles will be accounted for as fixed assets on account 01 and depreciated. Tax accounting writes off expenses as a one-time expense at the time the object begins to be used.
How to write off
When an organization decides to write off low-value fixed assets, it is required to draw up a write-off act in the prescribed form. At the moment this is the standard form of MB-8.
An enterprise can develop its own template, provided that all the necessary data is also there.
The decision on which form will be used for this purpose is prescribed by the accounting policy. In this case, before documenting, a decision of a specially formed commission is required. She must decide which low-value fixed asset will no longer be used for production.
In the case when it is necessary to write off several objects, the act is drawn up separately for each type of object. A shared document is only allowed for objects of the same type.
The act is drawn up in one copy. After the document is formed and signed, the property that is written off is moved to scrap. The act is transferred to the accounting department.
When filling out the act, it is important that it contains the following information:
- The name of the object that is undergoing the write-off procedure;
- Data on the nomenclature and inventory number;
- Unit of measurement;
- The cost of the object and the number of objects to be written off (provided that they are of the same type);
- Object passport data;
- Start date of commissioning;
- Date and reasons for write-off.
After drawing up and filling out the act, the signatures and initials of the commission members are affixed at the end of the document. The storekeeper subsequently enters the date of receipt of the item that is subject to liquidation at the warehouse.
It is important that, therefore, the principle is to fill out a document independently developed by the enterprise.
Thus, the assets of the enterprise should be assessed according to the criteria established by the accounting policy. Accounting for such objects is carried out in accordance with the accounting and tax accounting that operates in the organization. At the same time, it is important to correctly draw up the relevant documents that accompany the process of writing off low-value fixed assets.