the author not only talk about this event, but also show how people behave when they find themselves in a difficult situation. It is no coincidence that Pushkin chooses the well-known proverb as the epigraph of the story: "Take care of honor from a young age." Some of the heroes of the story follow these words all their lives and choose death instead of betrayal, while others are ready to sacrifice ideals and principles in order to save their own lives. The main characters around whom the plot of the story is built are Grinev and Shvabrin. Following their destinies, we will be able to understand what the honor of an officer, human dignity is. Young officers Petr Grinev and Aleksey Shvabrin are characters whose characters and views are completely opposite. This is evidenced by how differently they behave in everyday life, in critical situations, in love. And if you feel sympathy for Grinev from the very first pages of the story, then acquaintance with Shvabrin causes contempt and disgust. The portrait of Shvabrin is as follows: "... a young officer of short stature, with a swarthy face and remarkably ugly." To match the appearance and his nature - evil, cowardly, hypocritical. Shvabrin is capable of dishonest deeds, it doesn’t cost him anything to slander or betray a person for his own benefit. This person most of all cares about his "selfish" interest. Shvabrin is an officer who defected to Pugachev's side. His image in the story is unambiguously negative. According to Grinev, any officer who violates the oath and noble duty is a criminal and a villain. Pushkin emphasizes that Shvabrin is a wealthy nobleman, a brilliant officer of the guards (“discharged from the guards for a duel”), of which there are many. He is “not very stupid”, but “very superficially educated”, he has a secular gloss, but he is extremely spoiled and used to the fact that all his desires are fulfilled. If obstacles arise in the way of his whims, he is able to easily deceive, slander. Shvabrin is envious, vindictive, cowardly and at the same time arrogant. He is an egoist, an unprincipled careerist, dishonest and treacherous. His moral ugliness is also reflected in his "remarkably ugly" face. Grinev was brought up in the family of a retired military man and became an officer himself. Petrusha is a soft and conscientious young man, full of the brightest dreams. For him, the height of human well-being is service in the guard. However, life itself dispels his illusions. He has such character traits, at least one of which is now very difficult to meet, which suggests that in our time people with heroic qualities brought together do not exist. Grinev embodies and proves his loyalty and devotion throughout the story. It would seem surprising, where did this bright feeling come from? After all, the French teacher did not teach Peter this, since he himself “was not an enemy of the bottle”, and, for sure, was far from high matters. It turns out that the parents (especially the father) raised Petrusha in such a way that he cannot even imagine betrayal in his thoughts. Since childhood, he was surrounded by devoted people, and it is difficult for a young man to understand how easily Shvabrin goes over to the side of Pugachev, because he himself, having already sworn allegiance to the empress, cannot even think about treason. Pushkin's story has a happy ending. Nobility and honesty win baseness and betrayal. Grinev was released from prison, in the final he marries Masha. Pushkin does not write about the fate of Shvabrin, but, apparently, he was executed for participating in the Pugachev rebellion. This is a fair punishment for such an insignificant person. Comparing these heroes, I can judge what a real officer should be like. He will never lose his honest name, will not betray his homeland. This is what noble people have done throughout the ages.
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The writer is convinced that the great power that guides man is the passions. Of these, love is the most powerful. It reveals in a person the best sides of his soul, makes him morally rich and beautiful, irresistibly leads to happiness. But the passions inspired by nature are opposed by "laws" that condemn these passions and deprive a person of happiness. In this case, such a “law” was the social inequality of lovers. Lisa is a poor peasant girl, Erast is a rather rich nobleman, "with a fair mind and a kind heart, kind by nature, but weak and windy." As the writer notes, he led a dispersed life, thinking only about his own pleasure, looking for it in secular amusements, but often did not find it. When he saw Lisa, he thought that he had found exactly what he had always been looking for. Love for Liza allowed Erast to forget his boredom for a moment and leave the big light for a while. Meanwhile, Liza was well aware of the fragility of her happiness. At the moment of the birth of her love for Erast, she confessed: “If the one who now occupies my thoughts was born a simple peasant, a shepherd ... He would look at me with an affectionate look, maybe take my hand ... A dream!”
Erast makes this dream come true, but gradually his feelings cool. Having learned that he is loved and loved passionately by a new, pure, open heart, in a fit of passion, he assures Lisa that the law of inequality has no power over him: “For your friend, the most important thing is the soul, a sensitive, innocent soul, and Liza will always be the closest to my heart." The “passionate friendship” of an innocent soul fed his heart for some time, but as soon as the relationship entered a new round, purity died, and with it, oath promises not to use love for evil died. Erast obeyed the laws of the environment, leaving the one he loved, marrying an equal, "old rich" noblewoman, able to improve his financial situation. As you can see, the laws of social justice were by no means determinant in Erast's behavior. Guided by them, he could, firstly, immediately refuse Liza in reciprocity, as a serious, responsible person would do, who cares not only for his own state of mind, but also for the happiness of a loved one. Secondly, Erast, in the name of the same high love, could refuse the material benefits of marriage. But all these options are fantastic, he gives way to passion out of selfishness, elementary human egoism. It is possible to accuse society of destroying the souls of people, but what do the laws of a cruel society mean in comparison with the spiritual strength of a staunch, self-confident individual. However, Erast was weak and windy, and "poor" Liza was forced to make her cruel choice, throwing herself into the maelstrom of eternity.
The dignity of the story by N. M. Karamzin in that, having abandoned the social approach to the depiction of Russian reality, he focused his main attention on the psychology of the characters, having achieved considerable skill in this. Like none of the Russian writers who preceded him, Karamzin was able to show all the vicissitudes of love and convey the subtlest shades of feeling.
The story of Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin "Poor Liza" has become a typical example of sentimentalism. Karamzin was the founder of this new literary trend in Russian literature. In the center of the story is the fate of the poor peasant girl Lisa. After the death of her father, her mother and she were forced to rent out their land for pennies. “Besides, the poor widow, almost incessantly shedding tears over the death of her husband - for even peasant women know how to love! - day by day she became weaker and could not work at all. Only Liza ... not sparing her tender youth ... worked day and night - weaving canvases, knitting stockings, picking flowers in the spring, and picking berries in the summer and selling them in Moscow. There she met and fell in love with a young man named Erast, who belonged to the nobility. He was also infatuated with the girl. They started dating. But then Erast lost a large sum of money in cards and, in order to improve his position, he decided to marry a rich widow. Unable to bear the betrayal of her beloved, Lisa committed suicide by throwing herself into the water. Throughout the story, Erast's attitude towards Liza does not remain unchanged. At first, when he meets an attractive girl and becomes infatuated with her, he behaves in such a way as to make the most favorable impression on her and her mother. He shows courtesy, kindness, participation in the cares of a poor family. When Lisa first shows her mother a young man she loves, the old woman likes him too. "The young man bowed to her so courteously, with such a pleasant air, that she could think nothing but good of him." Having got to know Lisa closer, Erast sought to alleviate the difficult financial situation of both women, showed concern for them. However, giving the author's characterization of his hero, Karamzin notes the duality of his nature: “... this Erast was a rather rich nobleman, with a fair mind and a kind heart, kind by nature, but weak and windy. He led a distracted life, thought only of his own pleasure, looked for it in secular amusements, but often did not find it: he was bored and complained about his fate. Already with this characteristic, the author makes it clear that Erast's feeling towards the poor girl may turn out to be short-lived. This is what happens afterwards. When life circumstances force Erast to part with Lisa, he does it in a completely different way than one would expect from his previous behavior. He does not go for direct deceit, but avoids meeting with his abandoned beloved, and when such a meeting happens by chance, he does an even more outrageous act: he offers Lisa money and demands that she no longer try to see him. Such betrayal does not go unpunished. At the end of the story, we learn that “Erast was unhappy until the end of his life. Having learned about the fate of Lizina, he could not be consoled and considered himself a murderer.The concepts of honor, duty, conscience were fundamental in the Grinev family of nobles. The reader learns about this from the first lines of the work. Pyotr Grinev's father, Andrei Petrovich Grinev, was exiled to the distant Simbirsk province, because he preferred imprisonment in the Belogorsk fortress to betrayal and sycophancy. He served under Count Munnich, was successful and brave. The reader learns about this from the notes of Grinev Jr. However, Count Minich did not want to serve the illegal power seized as a result of another palace coup, and resigned. Following Count Minich, Andrey Petrovich Grinev leaves the capital, preferring to remain in harmony with his honor and conscience.
Grinev brought up his son, Peter, in such a way that he lived openly, and never bowed his head to untruth. As soon as Petrusha was born, a regiment was recorded in the Life Guards. This was the tradition of the nobility in the 18th century. The father dreamed that his son would serve the state, just like he did in his youth. And Peter really had to defend his honor and the honor of his family.
Of course, nobility and love reign in the Grinev family. The reader observes how touchingly Grinev Sr. treats his wife, with whom they have been together for many years. Subsequently, Peter also refers to Masha Mironova.
Pyotr Grinev's code of honor
Andrei Petrovich sends his son to serve not in St. Petersburg, which he dreams of, but in the remote Orenburg region. And it is no coincidence. He knows that in youth there are so many temptations at every turn. At the beginning, Pyotr Grinev appears before the reader as a kind of young rake, disappointed and bored, who is able to stake and lose everything to Zurin, he can shout at his uncle Savelich. Although the reader that Peter repents of his actions, he is tormented by his conscience. This characterizes him as an honest and worthy person.
In the Simbirsk fortress, trials fall to the lot of Peter. He suddenly finds himself at the crossroads of two roads, in front of a stone with the inscription “If you walk through life with honor, you will die. If you go against honor, you will live.” And Petrush did not let down the family honor of the Grinevs, justified the aspirations of his father.
Even the fear of death does not allow him to turn off the road of honor when Grinev finds himself in front of Pugachev. Like his father, Peter could not swear allegiance to the impostor who was Pugachev, although there were exclamations around: “Kiss the hand, kiss the hand!”. Didn't kiss. Otherwise it would not be Grinev. And Pugachev, being an intelligent person, appreciated the moral principles of Pyotr Grinev. And for the sake of his beloved - Masha Mironova - for the sake of her maiden honor, Grinev is ready to sacrifice his life.
Thus, throughout the story "The Captain's Daughter" Pushkin draws before the reader a certain code of honor of the Grinev family in general and Peter in particular. He remains faithful to the oath to the end, is always ready to defend his honor and dignity, repeatedly shows the nobility of his soul and is ready to sacrifice his life to save the honor of his beloved girl. These are the moral principles of Petr Andreevich Grinev.
Does Dmitry Nekhlyudov change during Leo Tolstoy's story "Youth"? and got the best answer
Answer from Anechka[guru]
A great place in Leo Tolstoy's story "Youth" is occupied by the story of Nikolenka's friendship with Dmitry Nekhlyudov.
Thanks to conversations with Dmitry, Nikolai begins to understand that growing up is not a simple change in time, but a slow formation of the soul.
Nekhlyudov differs from other acquaintances of Nikolai in that he does not smoke, does not play cards, and does not talk about amorous adventures. But Nikolai imitates precisely those who behave "adultly" ...
Nekhlyudov calms Nikolenka after these "adult" pranks.
Nikolenka likes Dmitri's calm prudence, free mind, likes that Nekhlyudov forgave Irtenyev's story in the restaurant, as if not attaching special significance to it.
Nikolai makes new acquaintances at the university, and under the influence of these new acquaintances, he follows the principle of "getting pleasure from life first of all." Carelessness in relation to studies is bearing fruit: Nikolai fails at the first exam. For three days he does not leave the room, he feels very unhappy. Dmitry visits a friend, but Nekhlyudov's sympathy seems condescending and therefore insulting.
At the same time, we understand that Nekhlyudov's behavior is indeed LOGICAL. A reasonable choice of correct, comme il faut behavior. To be good is not because such an essence is in a person, but because it is so NECESSARY.
I cannot say that it is possible and necessary to oppose Nekhlyudov to Irteniev, as some critics do. Still, Dmitry's influence was timely. let's put it this way: he defined Nikolenka's framework. And the fact that Irtenyev was able to realize and FEEL the need for the actions of the SOUL (in addition to reason and logic) is only a compliment to Nikolai Irtenyev.
I'll add one more thing. The image of Dmitry Nekhlyudov was important for Leo Tolstoy. Dmitry will be the narrator in the work "From the Notes of Prince D. Nekhlyudov. Lucerne".
In the future, he becomes the hero of the novel "Resurrection". It is there that Nekhlyudov reaps the fruits of his logical behavior, it is after the story with Katyusha Maslova that the hero awakens both the opportunity to suffer and love.