Classification groups that combine products of the same name and with similar characteristics are types of products. Their standard characteristics, depending on the purpose of use, method of manufacture and production, form different types of concepts. But this is not the whole classification. In addition to the types of products, their main types are also distinguished.

Grouping by type

The grouping of goods according to similarity of purpose, operating principle, design and technical parameters reflected in the product brand is called product type. Things, means and products intended for sale are called commercial products. A specific type includes products with specified technological characteristics and design solutions, operating principles, and specific functions. The company's new products combine specific products with the highest requirements, reliability, required level of quality and economically justified changes.

Renaming applies to products whose technical and consumer characteristics no longer satisfy modern users. In industrial production with established technology, a mastered type of product is produced. If its production is transferred to another manufacturer, then a period of time is required for development. The completed cycle of product readiness, the formed cost of the product, compliance with all standard requirements, and documentation of the batch transfer the product to the category of finished product.

Classification of goods

It is used for processing data about products in various production areas, quality indicators, studying the needs of customers and related industries, planning production and accounting for distribution. Classification into individual types of products helps to certify goods and conduct economic and marketing market research.

Requirements for product classification

Classification in the modern market meets certain requirements:

• Objectively expresses reliable information on the study of product properties.
• Accurately complies with accepted product codes.
• Includes newly created consumer goods using flexible classification into the usual list. At the same time, it does not change the principles of accepted standardization.

Trade and commodity qualification system

Products used for production are defined as technical goods. The division is based on the industry principle, the attribute of the source material, and use. Types of products intended for use by the population are consumer goods. Products for the defense needs of the country constitute a type of military use. Products of the industrial group combine products used in further production as raw materials and technological equipment.

Division of industrial goods

Depending on the type of production and its characteristic features, industrial goods are divided into main equipment and auxiliary equipment. The first variety is intended directly for production. The auxiliary group is used in service departments, tool shops, boiler houses, power plants, and automatic production control systems.

Consumer Products Division

There are three classes in this group of goods:

• food, food products;
• non-food group;
• medical products.

Within these classes there is a division into homogeneous groups. They differ in similar production technologies, using similar components. These products are not completely identical, but perform the same functions. And can be replaced in operation.

Example of classification of food products

A food group is a food industry product that includes food products in finished or natural form for consumption. In addition, such products include bottled drinking water, alcohol, chewing gum, soft drinks, additives, and spices. The class of food products is divided into subclasses:

1. Ancillary products. These are spices, food additives, spices and seasonings, thickeners and others.
2. Products of plant origin: pasta, fruits and vegetables, alcohol, tea, coffee, sugar, starch, flour and confectionery products, vegetable oil, margarine.
3. Products of animal origin. These are dairy products and fermented milk foods, meat and semi-finished products from it, sausages, fish, seafood, eggs.
4. Combined goods. These are baby food and concentrated food products.

In addition to classification, food products are divided into gastronomy and grocery. The first group includes products that are sold ready-made for consumption. For example, sausages, smoked meats, deli meats, cheeses, canned food, milk, alcohol, agricultural products. The grocery group contains goods intended for subsequent preparation. These are flour, cereals, pasta, sugar, tea, spices, etc.

An example of dividing non-food products into subclasses

This class includes products obtained in production to meet the economic needs of the population, organizations, and production associations. This product is not used for food consumption by humans or animals:

1. Clothing, footwear and textiles. These are all types of outfits, hats, underwear, stockings and socks. These include fur products, shoes, fabric and non-woven materials, threads, sewing and handicraft supplies, and haberdashery.
2. Hygiene products. This subclass includes perfumes, cosmetics, sanitary devices and personal care items. For example, razors, toothbrushes, perfumes, eau de toilette, shampoos, decorative cosmetics.
3. Decoration products: jewelry, decorative and applied arts.
4. Cultural and household goods. This includes electronic instruments and devices, office electrical equipment, communications equipment, photographic and video equipment, sports accessories, products for intellectual and mental creativity.
5. Vehicles. The group unites all types of land and water transport, lubricants, fuel for engines, spare parts for vehicles and mechanisms.
6. Household goods. This includes furniture, dishes, household appliances, building materials and products. In addition, chemical industry products, household equipment, agricultural tools.

Classification of consumer goods

The group of consumer goods includes products that a person buys frequently for everyday use. The buyer does not think about how to compare similar products and does not spend any significant effort on this. This group of products includes bread, dairy products, washing powder, garbage bags, and toothpaste. This also includes items and food products of the so-called impulse purchase, unplanned purchase: bars, drinks, chewing gum, newspapers, magazines. This same group contains items the need for which arises as a result of an unforeseen situation. For example, purchasing an umbrella in rainy weather.

The group of pre-selection products includes products, before purchasing which a person conducts a comparative analysis with other similar products and calculates the economic benefits. And chooses the alternative you like. There are products that have slight differential differences depending on the brand of the manufacturer. This group includes refrigerators, washing units, microwave ovens, mixers, etc. Products with great distinctive features also belong here. These are clothes, linen, shoes, hats, furniture, wallpaper, etc.

The group of goods with special demand consists of items with unique features that are of great value in the consumer market. These include prestigious jewelry, works of art, and light industrial products. The bulk are fashionable and collectible items.

The next group is represented by goods of passive demand, which are characterized by the fact that buyers do not know anything about it or have never thought about purchasing the product. Examples include various household indicators, waste recycling devices, insurance policies, smart papers, etc.

Light Industry Division

The light industry industry includes many divisions and complexes. Their total number is 25. A little less than 600 types of organizations and manufacturing enterprises operate in the industrial field. The main classification structures of light industry include silk, knitwear, linen, wool, fur, shoe and other industries. The main industrial complexes operate in the textile industry. The material is supported by agricultural products in the form of plant raw materials for the needs of light industry.

Classifier of chemical goods

Chemical industry products are divided into 7 classes. Each of them is divided into 52 subclasses. Classes include:

• Chemical minerals from mining, products of their primary processing, of inorganic origin.
• Polymer materials: synthetically produced rubber, plastics, chemical and plastic fibers.
• Paints, varnishes, solvents.
• Synthetic, organic materials and dyes.
• Organically synthesized products of oil refining, coke, materials for chemical processes.
• Reagents of chemical origin, pure substances for high-precision production.
• Medicines, medicines for the pharmaceutical industry.

Tangible and intangible products

Raw materials are products that are used for processing. The result is a material. It is intended for the manufacture of products or materials of a different quality. A product is a unit of production. It is determined in individual copies and pieces. The product is a consequence of the labor produced, but refers to products. At the same time it is used for consumption and does not serve the purpose of further exploitation. Products produced in packaging that is easily damaged, after which they cannot be consumed, are called consumable products.

Products appear as a result of human activity. It is designed to meet needs. This category is divided into products of tangible and intangible activities. The first, intended for trade exchange, belongs to the category of goods. These are food products, household products, chemical materials, products, etc. The intangible category includes insurance services, legal services, etc.

Main product characteristics

In order for manufactured items to be classified as products, they must meet certain characteristics:

• the product is the result of an activity;
• it serves to meet the needs of society and individual citizens.

According to the method of production, products are divided into industrial, agricultural, and natural. In the sales area, trade is distinguished, which includes retail sales. It consists of sales, loading and delivery of heavy large products, professional advice to sellers on how to use new products and their demonstration in action.

In conclusion, it should be said that the classification of goods is a necessary gradation for determining operational characteristics, processing information about productivity in various industries, and studying demand for categories and groups. Despite the wide variety of products produced, thanks to classification, they undergo system standardization and are subject to certification within the established framework.

Mechanical engineering production called production with the predominant use of mechanical engineering technology methods in the production of a product.

Type of production- classification category of production, distinguished on the basis of the applied method of manufacturing the product. The types of production are foundry, forging, stamping, mechanical, etc.

Type of production- classification category of production, distinguished on the basis of breadth of product range, regularity, stability and volume of production. In mechanical engineering, the following types of production are distinguished: single, small-scale, medium-scale, large-scale and mass.

Approximately the type of production can be estimated from the table. 1.1, which indicates the number of parts of the same name and standard size processed per year.

Table 1.1

The main characteristic of the type of production is the coefficient of consolidation of operations.

Coefficient of consolidation of operations K zo is the ratio of the number of all technological operations ∑О Т performed or to be performed within one month to the number of jobs ∑Р m, i.e.:

The coefficient of consolidation of operations according to GOST is taken equal to: mass production - 1; large-scale production - over 1 to 10 inclusive, medium-scale production - over 10 to 20 inclusive; small-scale production - over 20 to 40 inclusive; unit production - over 40.

This criterion for assessing the type of production can be considered quite objective, since it is difficult to assess the type of production based on the number of products produced, if only because there is no clear line between large, medium and small parts (Table 1.1). For example, the production of 25 turbines can be considered large-scale production, and 25,000 bolts can be considered small-scale production for a hardware plant and large-scale production for a machine-building enterprise.

The division of production by type is purely conditional, since it is difficult to draw a clear boundary, for example, between large-scale and medium-scale production or small-scale and single production, therefore, when assessing the type of production, the coefficient of consolidation of operations should always be determined.

The production program of a machine-building enterprise contains the range of manufactured products, the number of products of each type to be produced during the year.

Single production characterized by a wide range of manufactured products and a small volume of their output. In single production, mainly universal equipment, universal equipment and tools are used. The diversity of manufactured products, the difference in requirements for the product in terms of manufacturing accuracy, and other conditions require the use of highly qualified workers.

Unit production exists in heavy mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, at enterprises that produce equipment for chemical and metallurgical plants, in repair and tool shops, etc.

In mass production products are manufactured in batches (batch of parts) or series (series of machines).

Depending on the number of products in a series, their nature and labor intensity, as well as on the frequency of repetition of series throughout the year, small-scale, medium-scale and large-scale production are distinguished.

Serial production has the following characteristics:

Application on a par with universal, special and specialized equipment and accessories;

Use of semi-skilled workers;

The need for interoperational warehouses;

Application of partial mechanization and automation.

When designing a technological process for processing parts in mass production, the size of a batch of parts is determined using the formula:

where N is the volume of production of parts, pcs.; t - the number of days for which it is necessary to have a supply of parts in the warehouse; F - number of working days per year) (253 working days)

For small parts (weighing up to 2 kg) t=5-10 days

For medium parts (2-8kg) t=3-5 days

For large parts (weighing more than 8 kg) t=2-Zdnya

The number of batches of parts per year is determined by the formula:

For mass production products are produced over a long period of time in a limited range in large quantities

1.1.3 Process structure

Technological process refers to the part of the production process aimed at changing the size, shape or properties of a product. For example, in the process of mechanical processing, the size, shape, relative position and size of microroughness of the processed surfaces are changed; during heat treatment - the condition of the product, its hardness, structure and other properties of the material; when assembling a product - the relative position of the parts in the assembled unit.

The technological process is the main part of the production process. Based on the technological process of machining workpieces, one can judge the sequence, methods, processing time, etc.

Technology discipline- compliance with the exact compliance of the technological process of manufacturing or repairing the product with the requirements of technological and design documentation.

Group A technological process is a technological process for manufacturing a group of products with different design but common technological features.

Typical A technological process is a technological process for manufacturing a group of products with common design and technological features. It is necessary to strive to build an optimal (best, most appropriate to certain conditions and tasks) technological process.

The entire technological process of mechanical processing of workpieces is divided into component elements: technological operations, technological transitions, positions, etc. The main part of the technological process is the technological operation (Fig. 1.1.).

Figure 1.1

1.1.4 Process elements

Technological operation refers to a completed part of a technological process performed at one workplace. It should be taken into account that workplace is an elementary unit of the enterprise structure, where work performers servicing technological equipment, equipment and labor items are located for a limited time. For example, machining a stepped shaft can be done in the following sequence; in the first operation, the ends are cut and the auxiliary bases are centered, in the second, the outer surface is ground, in the third, these surfaces are ground.

A typical technological operation is a technological operation characterized by the unity of content and sequence of technological transitions for a group of products with the same design and technological features.

A group technological operation is a technological operation of joint production of a group of products with different design, but common technological features.

Types of technological operations. The technological process can be built on the principle of concentrated or differentiated technological operations.

Concentrated A technological operation is an operation that includes a large number of technological transitions. As a rule, this operation involves multi-tool setup. The limit of concentration of operations is the complete processing of a part in one operation.

The criterion for assessing the degree of concentration of operations is the number of transitions carried out in one operation. There are three main types of concentration of operations: sequential (Fig. 1.2, a), parallel (Fig. 1.2, b) and parallel-series . If transitions in operations are performed one after another, then the concentration is called sequential (universal machines), but if they are combined into one complex technological transition, i.e., they are performed simultaneously, then the concentration of operations is called parallel (multi-tool machines). Concentration is called parallel-sequential if several surfaces are simultaneously processed sequentially (multi-tool machines).

The advantage of parallel concentration of operations is as follows: the duration of the technological cycle is reduced, the number of workpiece regulations is reduced, the number of workers and devices is reduced, high-performance machines are used, accounting and production planning are simplified, the number of machine operators and the required production area are reduced.

The disadvantages of parallel concentration of operations are the need for complex and expensive equipment; complex and time-consuming setup.

Differentiated An operation is an operation consisting of a minimum number of transitions. The limit of differentiation is the implementation of a technological operation consisting of one technological transition.

The advantages of differentiating operations are as follows: relatively simple and cheap equipment is used, their setup is simple and insignificantly complex, and the possibility of using higher processing modes is created.

Disadvantages of the principle of differentiation of operations: the production line lengthens, the amount of required equipment and production space increases, the number of workers increases, and a large number of installations.

One should not recklessly strive for a high degree of concentration of the operation. It is often impractical to perform a highly concentrated operation. Incorrect determination of the optimal concentration leads to serious errors and large unjustified costs, which significantly increase the cost of products.

Technological transition refers to the completed part of a technological operation performed by the same means of technological equipment under constant technological conditions and settings. If the tool was changed when turning the roller, then processing the same surface of the workpiece with this tool will be a new technological transition (Fig. 1.3). But the tool change itself is an auxiliary transition.

Auxiliary transition refers to the completed part of a technological operation, consisting of human and (or) equipment actions that are not accompanied by a change in the properties of the object of labor, but are necessary to complete the technological transition. Transitions can be combined in time due to the simultaneous processing of several surfaces, i.e. they can be carried out sequentially (roughing, semi-finishing, finishing turning of a stepped shaft or drilling four holes with one drill), in parallel (turning a stepped shaft with several cutters or drilling four holes at once four drills) or parallel-series

(after turning the stepped shaft at the same time

Figure 1.4. First installation diagram

several cutters, simultaneous chamfering with several chamfering cutters, or drilling four holes in succession with two drills).

Installation- part of the technological operation performed with unchanged fastening of the workpieces being processed or the assembled assembly unit. Rotating parts to any angle is a new installation. If the roller is first turned in a three-jaw chuck with one setting, and then it is turned over and turned, then this will require two settings in one operation (Fig. 1.4).

Position. A workpiece installed and secured on a rotary table, subjected to drilling, reaming and countersinking, has one setting, but with the rotation of the table it will take a new position.

Position is a fixed position occupied by a rigidly fixed workpiece or assembled assembly unit together with a device relative to a tool or a stationary piece of equipment when performing a certain part of the operation. On multi-spindle and semi-automatic machines, the workpiece, when it is secured, occupies different positions relative to the machine. The workpiece moves to a new position together with the clamping device (Fig. 1.5).

When developing a technological process for processing workpieces, it is preferable replace set positions, since each additional setting introduces its own processing errors.

Worker and support move. Working stroke called the completed part of a technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, accompanied by a change in the shape, size, surface quality and properties of the workpiece. The working stroke usually accompanies the continuous processing of one layer of the workpiece, for example, on a lathe - processing a shaft per pass, on a planer - one movement of the cutter during cutting.

With an auxiliary move called the completed part of the technological transition, consisting of a single movement of the tool relative to the workpiece, necessary to prepare the working stroke. For example, when rough turning a shaft, the cutter returns to its original position, making an auxiliary move.

Reception.Reception They call a complete set of human actions used when performing a technological transition or part of it and united by one purpose. Typically, the technique is an auxiliary action of the operator when operating the machine (manually), measuring the workpiece. Reception element- pressing a button, moving a handle, etc.

Important characteristics of the technological process and operation are the cycle, technological operation, tact and rhythm of release.

Depending on the complexity of the products produced and their quantity, three types of production are distinguished: mass, serial and individual. Each type of production is characterized by its own characteristics.

Mass production involves the production of products, parts or blanks in mass quantities according to unchangeable drawings over a long period of time. Mass production is characterized by the arrangement of equipment in a sequence of operations. The use of high-performance equipment (special and modular machines), special devices and tools, transport devices for the transfer of workpieces and parts along the production line, automation and mechanization of technical control.

Mass production is determined by the periodic production of batches of products, parts or blanks over a certain time with unchanged drawings. It is characterized by the use of high-performance equipment, numerically controlled machines. Batch production can be large-scale, serial and small-scale.

Single production involves the production of products, parts or blanks in units or small batches, the re-production of which, as a rule, is not provided. As a rule, single production of aircraft equipment installations is carried out by experienced design bureaus (OKB), which are characterized by the use of universal equipment, CNC machines, etc.

Depending on the type of production, technological processes are developed according to the principle of differentiation or concentration of operations.

Concentration called the process of combining operations at one workplace. This especially applies to assembly processes.

When differentiating Each operation is assigned to one workplace.

The concentration is used, as a rule, in single and small-scale production. At large-scale plants, concentration is carried out when using equipment with a large number of tools.

A wide range of products and small batches of manufactured products do not allow the existing equipment to be evenly loaded. To do this, at pilot enterprises and individual production facilities they strive to combine machines into groups according to their types. Sections of turning, milling, and grinding machines are being created, which make it possible to slightly increase their load factor.

A somewhat more advanced system is closed production areas, which are used in pilot plants for the production of aircraft installations. Such sections are organized taking into account the production of certain groups of parts and assemblies and are equipped with the appropriate types of lathes and milling machines, and sometimes other equipment.

The most advanced form of organization is flow production with its varieties. A distinctive feature of this production is the constancy of the movement of the product and their output with a constant tact value. Equipment on the site is arranged according to technological characteristics. With such an organization of production, there are even greater opportunities to reduce transitions, automate main and auxiliary processes, better use of production space, and equipment loading. When developing a technological process for continuous production, operations are differentiated (or concentrated) in such a way that they are equal to or multiples of the production cycle. Technological processes developed for various types of production are always designed in such a way that, using the modern technological processes existing at a given plant, ensure high quality products at the lowest cost for their production.

At pilot enterprises and in individual production, in a number of cases, typification of technological processes is carried out in order to bring single and small-scale production closer to serial production and to obtain the resulting production and economic benefits. A standard technological process is developed for a group of parts that are similar in design and production technology. Parts are classified according to design and technological characteristics to identify certain groups of parts (classes of bushings, pins, sockets, levers, etc.). A single technological process is developed for these groups of parts, equipment and tools are designed, manufactured, and complex machine settings are made.

Any, even the smallest enterprise, is characterized by many economic parameters. These include concepts such as cost, productivity and many others. One of the key parameters, undoubtedly, is the type of production - single, serial or mass.

This parameter is important at the stage of developing a business plan. At a minimum, it is used when choosing the necessary equipment. For example, to produce fasteners, you can use commercially available universal turning and milling equipment, or you can also use heading machines. The difference lies in its performance. That is, in the quantity of products manufactured per unit of time.

Types of production classification

The type of production is a set of technical, organizational and economic parameters that are unique to it. This set includes such concepts as product production program, work cycle frequency and some others.

In practice, any company can organize the production of products in single, serial and mass quantities:

1. Single type is a form when products are produced in minimal quantities (pieces).
2. Serial type is a form of organization when finished products are produced in a certain quantity and at a specified frequency.
3. Mass type is a form of organizing the work of an enterprise that implies the production of a certain range of products, which can be uniform in purpose, design features and manufacturing technology.

For each type there is also a mathematical characteristic, which is called the coefficient of consolidation of operations. This is the ratio between the number of technological transitions in the workplace and the total number of jobs on the site

Unit type of production

The key features of the unit form of work are that the enterprise plan can consist of a large assortment of products. Product release is usually planned in certain quantities. But it is necessary to understand that the range of products produced is not sustainable.

As a result of this instability, limited manufacturing of products leads to some restrictions in the use of all engineering capabilities.

As a result, the number of original parts increases and the volume of standardized components decreases.

Each part or assembly, with this type of mode of organization of the enterprise’s work, has a design uniqueness, tasks to be solved and other characteristics. The production process of such products has intermittent cycles. It takes quite a long time to produce a part or assembly unit. In addition, universal machines are used to ensure work, and the assembly process is carried out manually by personnel with universal knowledge and skills.

As an example of a single form of production, we can consider the manufacture of stamping equipment or molds.

Shops for the production of piece goods consist of production areas, which are organized according to a technological principle.

This type of company organization is characterized by:

1. Great labor intensity.
2. Highly qualified personnel.
3. High costs for materials.

In the cost of a finished part or assembly unit, a significant share is occupied by the wage fund. It can be up to 25% or more.

Serial production type

The serial type is perhaps the most widely used. Its main characteristic is the constant release of a wide range of products. It should be noted that the range of products produced during the year is wider than that produced every month.

Products that are produced in large volumes allow unification. Organize the production of standardized parts that may be included in other assembly units. All this leads to a reduction in the cost of finished products.

This type of production of finished parts or assembly units is typical for the machine tool industry, etc. It is organized in such a way that several technological transitions are assigned to workplaces. This provides the worker with the opportunity to master tools and equipment, acquire the necessary knowledge and skills, and constantly improve technological operations.

The serial type implies the frequency of production of finished parts, and this allows reducing the cost of obtaining finished products.

There are the following subtypes of mass production: small (piece), serial, mass.

Small-scale production is, in fact, a transitional stage from piece production to serial production. Products may be produced in small batches. By the way, one of the competitive factors is the company’s ability to produce unique products in small batches for special orders.

The introduction of computer technology significantly increases the flexibility of the enterprise. For example, it has become possible to produce several products on one line with minimal changeover costs.

Large-scale production is a transitional stage to a mass form of product production. It is characterized by the fact that the production of products is carried out in large volumes over a long period of time.

Mass production type

The main feature of this method is the production of similar parts, catch and finished products in large volumes and over a significant period of time. Another feature is that at enterprises engaged in mass production, the range of products produced is significantly limited. This approach results in cost-effectiveness from the use of standardized and interchangeable parts.

Product units of this type practically do not differ from each other; non-critical differences in some characteristics are allowed.

A distinctive feature of mass production is that it is characterized by a high level of mechanization and automation of technological operations. This method of producing finished products has been introduced at enterprises producing cars, clothing, etc.

Significant volumes of production of parts and assemblies ensure the use of various types of automated equipment. Technological processes at such an enterprise are distributed among workplaces. They perform one or more similar operations using a limited number of parts and assemblies.

A well-developed technological process, the use of automated equipment and equipment allows the use of qualified personnel.

An example of a mass type is the production of electrical fittings (sockets, switches) or hardware.

Characteristics of production types

The type of product output affects the organization of production, its management and financial and economic indicators, and in general the efficiency of the enterprise as a whole.

The growth of technical equipment and production volumes of finished products at the time of the transition from single production to serial and mass production reduces the need for the use of human labor. Accordingly, the cost of finished products is reduced. By the way, Ford factories can be cited as an example. At the beginning of the 20th century, the first cars were produced there on stocks. With the introduction of conveyor production, the volume of finished products sharply increased, and their price for consumers fell.

Based on the above, some generalizations can be made. The possibilities of piece production include the fact that the range of manufactured products is practically unlimited, most of the products are of a purely individual nature. For the production of piece products, universal equipment is used, for example, turning and milling machines. When developing working documentation, in particular technological documentation, designers are engaged in creating an enlarged technological process, not just one part, but for a unit or product as a whole. Highly qualified engineering and working personnel are recruited for the production of piece goods. All of these factors lead to the cost of piece goods being prohibitively high.

To organize serial production of products, universal or specialized equipment is used. Products are released at certain intervals. To carry out the work there is no need to attract highly qualified specialists.

When organizing mass production, specialized equipment is used. To work on it, it is enough to use engineering and working personnel with low qualifications.

In fact, a company can operate several types of production. But this can be explained by the fact that the enterprise does not have very high specialization. For example, at one time the automobile plant named after. Likhachev (ZIL), mass-produced trucks intended for use by the military, in agriculture, construction, and many other industries. At the same time, this enterprise organized the individual production of cars for transporting top officials of the state.

Features of planning different types of product release

Each of the considered types of production has its own production system.

There is a fixed positional layout. Such a system implies that the assembly unit is in a stationary state, and the necessary resources are supplied to the place of work as the need arises. This method is used to implement a variety of projects. This method is sometimes called the island method and is sometimes used in the production of turbines. This layout is considered temporary and is valid for the duration of the project. The main difficulty in implementing this design method lies in the proper placement of resources.

Another method of planning is operational functional. With this method, equipment is placed by type or based on the work performed. That is, they organize areas for various types of work, for example, an area for working with body parts. Accordingly, parts and components of the product move along various technological routes. This type is characterized by certain difficulties in optimizing traffic flows.

For mass production, linear or flow planning is most often used. In this form of planning, the parts produced go through the same operations. One of the key characteristics of this is that all technological processes are divided into simple operations that are performed on specialized equipment located in series. A set of such equipment is called a production line.

In other words, the movement of parts and the catch of the future product occurs continuously. This type of planning requires that workstations have the same capacity. Otherwise, the release of finished products will occur intermittently.

Planning of the enterprise's work is carried out for a certain period of time. This approach provides flexibility in the work cycle and allows for accounting and control over all resources (material, human, financial) involved in the enterprise system.

Production

Production:

Modern social production includes not only material production, but also the intangible sphere - the production of intangible goods and services (new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, public education, culture, art, healthcare, consumer services, management, financing and lending, sports and etc.). The development of intangible production and the service sector depends to a decisive extent on the production of material goods - its technical equipment and the amount of output.

• Agricultural production(and its branches - forestry, cattle breeding, fish farming, etc.) - breeding of animal and plant products using the natural forces of nature;
• Industrial production(mining and manufacturing industry) - processing of raw materials into a form suitable for human consumption;

Some economists classify as production only the creation material benefits, others are also creation and intangible good Then production can be attributed to:

• Transfer of manufactured product from producers to consumers: logistics and trade;
• Production of services (service sector);
• Financial services: banking and insurance activities
• Spiritual production: new scientific discoveries, technical inventions, culture, art, etc.

Production in the Marxist-Leninist paradigm

The doctrine of production in Marxist economic theory is divided into the following parts:

• the doctrine of factors of production - nature, labor and capital
• the doctrine of production organization.

Production is the process of creating material goods and services necessary for the existence and development of society. The goods created in the process of production complete their movement in the process of consumption. Consumption is the goal of production only in non-market economic systems. In a market economy system, the immediate goal of production is to make a profit. The constantly repeating production process is called social reproduction. Society cannot stop consuming, nor can it stop producing; therefore, society cannot exist without constantly reproducing all elements of production.

Production cycle

The production cycle is the period during which objects of labor (raw materials and supplies) remain in the production process from the beginning of production to the release of the finished product.

• Continuous production cycle available in some industries (metallurgical, chemical), where the production process cannot be interrupted for economic reasons or safety issues. The workers who serve it are called continuous production workers.

see also

• Types of inventories in production

Links

• Yuri Semyonov"Production and Society"
• Yuri Semyonov"Main and non-basic methods of production"
• Industrial zones (which countries produce industrial goods and in what volume)

Notes

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The process of converting resources into finished products. The production process uses means of production. Forms of production: from subsistence peasant farming to a modern enterprise producing large-scale products. By… … Financial Dictionary

- (production) The process of transforming resources into goods or services of value. The expression means of production, distribution and exchange attempts to divide economic activity into types that change the physical form of things, their... ... Economic dictionary

Production- (production) this well-known term in our dictionary is understood in two senses: the production of material goods and the production of intangible goods. In the first case, we mean the processing of the natural material of the Earth into useful ones for Humans... ... Economic and mathematical dictionary

Material process of creating material goods, services... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

One of the basic concepts of sociological and economic sciences, reflecting the actively active way of human existence in the world. P. is understood as: 1) P. means of subsistence, satisfaction of needs (material, spiritual); 2) P. of the person himself... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

PRODUCTION, a, cf. 1. see produce. 2. The social process of creating material wealth, covering both the productive forces of society and the production relations of people. Commodity item Growth, decline in production. 3. Manufacturing, production,... ... Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

English production; German Produktion/Erzeugung. 1. The process by which people transform objects of nature to satisfy their needs, through their own activities they mediate, regulate and control the metabolism of substances among themselves and... ... Encyclopedia of Sociology

Brick according to the Ilyich system. Razg. Iron. Outdated Bricks from bombed churches. Sindalovsky, 2002, 150 ... Large dictionary of Russian sayings