The Russian language is one of the most diverse and rich in the world, its expressive potential is truly enormous. Various means of speech expressiveness used in the process of writing a work give special emotionality and originality to the text. Their list is quite extensive.
Means of speech expressiveness in various spheres of life
It is no secret that the same idea can be presented in different ways. For example, a television announcer will say this: “Today, heavy precipitation in the form of snow was observed in the region, accompanied by heavy winds.” And two old women drinking tea in the kitchen can use the following phrase in a conversation: “Yes, it’s piled up like snow! And the wind - it knocks you off your feet! In fiction, this phenomenon can be represented as follows: “Snow flakes fell from the sky, like fluff from an open pillow, scattered by a strong wind, and huge white snowdrifts covered the frozen earth yearning for them ...”. The picture described in different ways is practically the same, however, each of the options is different from each other and affects the human subconscious in different ways. All means of speech expressiveness of the language are to some extent based on the associative perception of the text. Looking through the presented statements, the reader imagines people who can express themselves in this way. Therefore, to characterize the characters, to create a certain color, the authors of literary texts use different styles.
Phonetic means of expression
For the greatest impact on the imagination of the interlocutor or reader, viewer or listener, a variety of methods are used. Means of speech expressiveness literally permeate all language levels. They can be observed both in phonetics and in syntax, which makes the understanding of the author's intention deeper and more comprehensive. Phonetic means of speech expressiveness are one of the most powerful ways of speech influence. The sensation of the sound image of the word occurs at the subconscious level, regardless of the desire of the person. That is why most poetic texts are based on the use of sound expressive means. As an example, we can cite the following sentence: "The leaves rustled, their rustle seemed to come from everywhere." Here, the repeated use of the “sh” sound in the phrase seems to create an accompaniment to the picture drawn by the imagination.
Alliteration
Phonetic speech expressiveness has some variability. Such opposing means as alliteration and assonance are widespread. They are based on the repetition in the text of sounds that are identical or similar in some phonetic feature - consonants with alliteration and vowels with assonance. The phrase “Thunderstorm rumbles, thunder rumbles” can serve as a bright one, reading which, a person subconsciously evokes a vivid image of crackling lightning in front of him.
Assonance
A little less often writers and poets use the repetition of vowels. For example, assonance is presented in the sentence “There was a flat field around” - the repeated sound “o” creates a feeling of length, breadth of space.
Anaphora, epiphora in literary texts
Other figures of speech are also distinguished, which serve to give greater expressiveness to the text. For example, anaphora and epiphora are unusual devices. They are variants of repetitions of similar sounds, words or groups of words at the beginning (anaphora) or at the end (epiphora) of each parallel independent segment of speech. “This is the act of a man! This is the act of a real person!” - forcing and amplification with each repetition are observed with anaphora. Epiphora can most often be found at the end of poetic segments in the form of repetition of individual phrases or entire sentences. But it can also be considered on the example of a separate prose sentence: “Everything in this room was black: the walls were black, it was also black, the lamps were black, and even the bed linen shone black. And only the bed was pure white, creating a striking contrast in the design.”
speech expressiveness: allegory
In the style of the Russian language, a huge number of various tropes, or figures of speech, are presented. The main source of expressiveness is vocabulary. It is with its help that most of the author's intentions in the text are realized. For example, an allegory is a kind of transfer of the meaning or characteristics of an object to another object, an image of an abstract concept through a specific image. To explain, you can resort to the consideration of traditional examples: the sun is a symbol of warmth, kindness; wind is a symbol of freedom, free-thinking, inconstancy. Therefore, this principle is often used in speech to characterize people. "Oh, you sly fox!" - talking about someone in jest. Or they can even say about a fickle personality like this: "His character is windy, eccentric." Thus, answering the question of what an allegory is, one should refer to symbolism, a comparison of objects by quality.
Allegory in parables, fairy tales, fables
The wonderful fabulist Krylov gives a colorful picture of the use of this technique. Although in fact he is the successor of Aesop. It was from his works that many plots of the fables of the Russian classic were taken. After all, everyone understands that when talking about a monkey trying on glasses on his tail, the author means an ignoramus, a person who is used to everything superficially, to judge hastily, without thinking about the meaning. For children's perception, fairy tales are best suited in which animals act as heroes. On their example, the kid learns the basic laws of life: goodness returns a hundredfold, a dirty, deceiver and lazy person will be punished, you can’t laugh at someone else’s pain, etc. Short fables or allegorical tales resemble Caucasian-style table toasts, at the end of which morality is displayed after a sentence drink "For ...".
Allegory in poetry and lyric songs
And what about Lermontov's wonderful poems about a lonely sail running through the waves? After all, here the thoughtful reader is drawn to the state of mind of a restless personality that no one understands in the world of today. Until now, adults love many folk songs, in which allegorical examples of plants - flowers, trees - describe human relationships. “Why are you standing, swaying, thin rowan?” - the girl sings sadly, who herself experiences loneliness, dreams of joining her fate with a reliable person, but for some reason she cannot do this ...
Litota, hyperbole
Language means of speech expressiveness are also represented by other tropes. For example, there are also such opposite figures as hyperbole, litote. The Russian language has a wide range of possibilities for the gradual expression of qualities. These techniques denote artistic understatement (litote) and exaggeration (hyperbole). The Russian language becomes brighter and more figurative thanks to them. For example, such a property as the volume of the human body can be expressed both from an artificially underestimated side ("waist the width of a bottle neck" - litote), and from an exaggeration ("shoulders the size of a doorway" - hyperbole). The Russian language can even boast of stable expressions of this type: a wasp waist, as high as a Kolomna verst.
Synonyms and antonyms in works of art
The use of synonyms and antonyms in the text increases its emotionality and expressiveness. Words that are semantically similar or different diversify the work, reveal the author's intention from different angles. In addition, synonyms and antonyms simplify the perception of the text, as they clarify the meaning of individual semantic objects. But their use in oral and written speech should be approached with some caution, since some dictionary synonyms lose the proximity of meanings in a particular context, and contextual antonyms are not always antonymous in their main dictionary meaning. For example, the adjectives "fresh" and "stale" when used with the noun "bread" are antonyms. But, if we are talking about the wind, then the antonym for the adjective "fresh" will be the word "warm".
Irony in works of art
A very important expressiveness is irony. Examples from the literature prove the high figurativeness of this technique. Pushkin, Lermontov, Dostoevsky - these Russian classics are real masters of using irony in literature. Zoshchenko's stories are still in demand among modern satirists. Some phrases of the classics, which have become winged, are also used in everyday speech. For example, Zoshchenko's expression: "Take back your cake!" or “Maybe you should also be given the keys to the apartment where the money is?” Ilf and Petrov know absolutely everything. And the appeal to the gentlemen of the jury, which refers to the broken ice, is still perceived with a great deal of irony. And the phrase "Who is so big here with us?", addressed to a child in everyday life, has an ironic character, built on the use of antonymy. Irony is often present in the form of self-poking fun of one of the characters or the protagonist, on whose behalf the story is being told. These are the detectives of Daria Dontsova and other authors who also write in this style.
Different layers of vocabulary in fiction
A high expressive potential in fiction has a non-standardized vocabulary - jargon, neologisms, dialectisms, professionalism, vernacular. The use of words from these sections in the text, especially in direct speech, gives a figurative and evaluative characterization of the character. Each hero of a literary work is individual, and these lexical elements, carefully and appropriately used, reveal the image of the character from various angles. For example, the saturation of Sholokhov's novel "The Quiet Don" with dialect vocabulary creates an atmosphere characteristic of a particular territory and a particular historical period. And the use of colloquial words and expressions in the speeches of the characters reveals their characters in the best possible way. It is also impossible to do without a special description of life on the ship. And in works where the heroes, albeit minor ones, are former repressed or people from the category of homeless people, it is simply impossible to avoid jargon and even slang.
Polyunion as a means of expression
Another stylistic figure of speech is polysyndeton. In another way, this technique is called polyunion and consists in the use of homogeneous members or phrases in the text, connected by the same repeating unions. This increases expressiveness by creating unplanned pauses in the sentence at the points where its parts are connected by the service parts of speech and at the same time increasing the importance of each enumeration element. Therefore, writers and poets often use polyunion in their works. Examples:
Thus, language means of speech expressiveness are a necessary element of artistic speech. Without them, the literary text looks dry and uninteresting. But do not forget that the material should be focused on the reader. Therefore, the selection of linguistic means used in the work must be carried out in the most careful way, otherwise the author risks being misunderstood and underestimated.
Oct 05 2010
Vocabulary occupies a central place in the system of figurative language means. The word, as is known, is the basic unit of the language, the most noticeable element of its artistic means. And the expressiveness of speech is associated primarily with the word. Many words have the ability to be used in several meanings. This property is called ambiguity, or polysemy. Writers find in ambiguity a source of vivid emotionality, liveliness of speech.
The figurativeness of speech is created through the use of words in a figurative sense. Words and expressions used in a figurative sense and creating figurative representations of objects and phenomena are called tropes. The following tropes are distinguished: a metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative sense based on similarity.
Another type of tropes is metonymy. This is a word used in a figurative sense based on contiguity.
The epithet is an artistic definition: When would you know how lonely, languidly sweet, insanely happy, I am drunk with grief in my soul ... (A. Fet)
Comparison is the comparison of two phenomena in order to determine one by means of the other.
Personification is the transfer of the properties of living beings to inanimate objects:
Homonyms should not be confused with ambiguity, that is, words that coincide in sound and spelling, but are completely different in meaning: the key is “spring” and the key is “master key”. Different types of homonyms (homophones, homographs, homophores) are also a source of expression
Homonymous rhymes are a bright means of sound play. I. Brodsky brilliantly owned it:
Flickered on the slope of the bank
Near bushes of brick.
Above the pink spire of the bank
The crow curled up, screaming.
(Hills, 1962)
The expressiveness of speech enhances the use of synonyms - words denoting the same concept, but differing in additional semantic shades or stylistic coloring. The beauty and expressiveness of a native speaker's speech can be judged by how he uses synonyms. Without mastering the synonymic richness of the native language, it is impossible to make your speech bright and expressive.
Antonyms occupy a special place in the system of expressive lexical means. Antonyms are different words related to the same part of speech, but having opposite meanings: friend - enemy, heavy - light, sad - fun, love - hate. Not all words have antonyms.
Antonyms are constantly used in antithesis - a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, states.
Lexical repetition has a powerful emotional impact on the reader, when a key concept in the text is highlighted by repeating a word. In poetic works, such types of lexical repetition as anaphora and epiphora are used as a means of expression. Anaphora is the repetition of individual words or turns at the beginning of the passages that make up the statement.
Epiphora is the repetition of words or phrases at the end of lines.
The words of the Russian language differ in the scope of distribution. Some are used freely, unlimitedly and form the basis of the Russian literary language. Such words are classified as common vocabulary. These are, for example, the names of phenomena, concepts of socio-political life (state, society, development, etc.); economic concepts (finance, credit, bank, etc.); phenomena of cultural life (theater, performance, actor, premiere, exhibition, etc.); household names (house, apartment, family, children, school, etc.).
The other part of the vocabulary is used to a limited extent. Here are the following groups.
Dialectisms are words whose distribution is limited to one or another territory. Russian writers and poets skillfully (and moderately) used dialect words as one of the means of expression.
The vocabulary of limited use also includes the so-called special vocabulary, that is, words used and understood mainly by representatives of a particular science or profession. First of all, terms belong to such vocabulary - words used for the logically accurate name of special concepts, establishing their distinctive features, for example, medical terms: scanning, shunting, inoperable; linguistic terms: polysemy, semantics, morpheme.
In addition to terms, professionalisms are distinguished in special vocabulary, i.e. words and expressions that are not strictly legalized, scientific definitions of certain professional concepts, but are widely used by specialists in a particular field.
The limitedly used vocabulary also includes words called jargon, which form the basis of a special social variety of speech - jargon. These words are used by people united by common interests, habits, occupations, social status, etc. In the language of fiction, elements of jargon are used to characterize certain characters.
The so-called slang, which is characterized by special artificiality, conventionality, and strict secrecy, is also referred to as a limited, little-used vocabulary.
Synonyms - words that are close or identical in meaning, expressing the same concept, but differing in shades of meaning or stylistic coloring. There are four types of synonyms:
1) absolute - words that completely coincide in meaning and use: linguistics - linguistics;
2) ideographic - words that differ in shades of meaning: dare, dare, dare;
3) stylistic - synonyms that coincide in meaning, but differ in belonging to different styles: go - trudge - march;
4) contextual - words, the meanings of which converge in the context: to work, to work, to labor, to work.
It should be noted that not all words enter into synonymous relations. Nouns with a specific subject meaning, proper names, numerals, pronouns do not become synonyms.
Synonyms become a source of emotionality and expressiveness of speech. Using several synonyms at the same time, one can achieve amplification, emphasizing the main meaning of the word. However, the use of several synonyms in a row is justified only when each new synonym clarifies and enriches the meaning of the statement. Having a common meaning in the basis, synonyms often emphasize various features of similar objects, phenomena, actions, signs. Strengthening the meaning of the previous synonym generates gradation (see annex 4).
A special place in the Russian language is occupied by antonyms - words with opposite meanings: in front - behind; morning evening; buy - sell; fat slim; upset - soothe and so on. Antonyms give special significance to objects and concepts, logically distinguish them: The taste of life is comprehended not in many, and in small(Solzh.); contribute to the disclosure of the contradictory essence of objects and phenomena: He (Blok) ... wanted to be alone. And I couldn't tear myself away hateful - And beloved Russia.
When choosing antonyms, the possibility of polysemy of the word is taken into account. Yes, the word short can be an antonym not only for the word high but also to words noble(low deed) exalted(lofty goal).
Like synonyms, antonyms can be native Russian ( full - hungry) and borrowed ( progress - conservatism).
In the language, antonyms perform stylistic functions. antitheses And oxymoron and serve as a means of expressive speech.
Antithesis - opposition of concepts, thoughts, images: Who was nothing, he will become everything. The antithesis is often used in titles: " Fathers and Sons"(I.S. Turgenev)," Men and women"(B. Mozhaev).
Oxymoron - a combination of incompatible words belonging to different parts of speech: eloquent silence, ringing silence and so on. Oxymorons are also often found in author's texts: " Hot Snow"(Yu. Bondarev)," Dead Souls"(N.V. Gogol), etc.
The accuracy of speech can be impaired due to the incorrect use of paronyms.
Paronyms - Close, but not identical in sound and meaning, related words related to the same grammatical category: tactful - tactical; swampy - swampy; everyone - everyone; dramatic - dramatic; elite - elite; economical - economical and so on. Context plays a big role in distinguishing between these meanings: boys' shoes - boyish joy; put on a jacket - dress a child and so on.
Consider paronyms tourist And tourist. Word tourist has a narrower meaning: "referring to tourism as a sport". Adjective tourist has a broader lexical meaning: “referring to tourism as a form of recreation”. Should be consumed tourist voucher (not touristic), but tourist equipment, tourist drive.
The correct use of paronyms in the language, understanding the features of their lexical meaning is the key to the general culture of human speech.
Special attention needs to be paid to speech phraseological units , complex in composition of linguistic units that have a stable character: take the soul away, swallow the tongue; puzzle over; thicken colors; goof; one field of berries; the hand washes the hand; sleeveless; pull the wool over someone's eyes; cast a line and so on. Phraseological units are characterized by the constancy of the composition, the stability of the grammatical structure. Can't say the cat cried; beat with bucks; lyasu to sharpen(instead, the cat cried; beat the buckets; sharpen the laces). Most phraseological units have a strictly fixed order. For example, you cannot swap words in expressions everything flows, everything changes, keeps up with the times and so on.
Composition
You marvel at the treasures of our language: every sound is a gift; everything is granular, large, like pearls themselves, and, really, there is another name for an even more precious thing itself. N. V. Gogol. Learn to speak "in your own words" ... What is the secret of words that create an atmosphere of ease, affect the feelings of interlocutors, give special expressiveness to their speech? And on the other hand, what words deprive speech of lively, emotional colors? The first condition for liveliness of speech is the use of words that are stylistically justified in a particular situation.
On the podium, the speaker turns to journalistic, bookish vocabulary, and in a conversation with a friend, he prefers colloquial words. The use of words with bright emotional and expressive coloring enlivens speech. Such words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them. For example, admiring the beauty of a white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lily. These adjectives are emotionally colored: in them, a positive assessment distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word white.
The emotional coloring of the word can also express a negative assessment of the concept being called (blond speaks of an ugly person with blond hair, whose appearance is unpleasant to us). Therefore, emotional vocabulary is called evaluative. The image of feeling for speech also requires special expressive colors. Expressiveness (from Lat. expressio expression) means expressive, expressive expressive. In this case, special stylistic assessments are added to the nominative meaning of the word, enhancing its expressiveness. So, instead of the word good, we use the more expressive beautiful, wonderful, delightful, etc .; one can say I don’t like it, but sometimes we find stronger words: I hate, I despise, I’m disgusted.
In such cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression. Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in the degree of expressive tension (cf: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe; violent - unrestrained - indomitable - frantic - furious). Vivid expression highlights solemn, rhetorical, poetic words. A special expression distinguishes the words playful, ironic, familiar. Expressive shades distinguish words disapproving, dismissive, contemptuous, humiliating, vulgar, abusive. Expressive coloring in a word is superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in other words expression prevails, in others emotional coloring.
This is not difficult to determine, trusting your linguistic instinct. Expressive vocabulary can be classified by highlighting: 1) words expressing a positive assessment of the called concepts, and 2) words expressing their negative assessment. The first group will include words high, affectionate, desperate joking; in the second, ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc. We select words in speech, consciously or unconsciously obeying the conditions of communication and trying to influence the interlocutor, taking into account his social position, the nature of our relationship with him, the content of the conversation, etc.
The content of the conversation, the conditions in which the conversation takes place, usually tells us what words to use high or low, solemn or playful. And our speech, accordingly, receives one or another stylistic coloring. In certain cases, the combination in speech of stylistically heterogeneous, even contrasting in their emotionally expressive coloring, language means can be justified.
Mixing styles, as linguists say, usually creates a comic effect, which humorists and satirists know and appreciate. What deprives our speech of liveliness? What makes her colorless, unemotional? First of all, the inability to find words that would accurately convey our feelings, words that would touch a nerve? This inability, or rather, helplessness in dealing with the richest resources of the native language, was formed, unfortunately, even at school, where they teach writing essays according to bad recipes, repeating memorized phrases, answering according to a textbook ... The language of any essay can become expressive and emotional only under the condition that the writer will not repeat memorized phrases, well-known book formulations, but will try to find his own words to express thoughts and feelings. The style will not be colorless if the author turns to emotional, expressive vocabulary, which gives liveliness to the language. Conclusion. The development of world culture has developed the basic communicative qualities of good speech.
Of course, these qualities change and develop, so the concepts of good speech do not coincide in everything in different eras and among representatives of different classes and worldviews. I studied this topic and realized for myself that each person must express his thoughts in such a way that it was impossible not to understand him, namely, precisely, clearly and simply. If the speech is not clear, then it does not reach the goal. In order for speech to be accurate, words should be used in full accordance with the meanings that are assigned to them. Logic is the most important condition for good speech. We must take care that our speech does not violate the laws of logic. Speech is a connected whole, and every word in it, any construction must be purposeful, stylistically appropriate. The same style is not suitable for every social position, not for every place, but in every part of speech, as well as in life, one must always keep in mind what is appropriate.
Every speech has a certain content. The content of speech depends on many conditions that entail a variety of forms of presentation of material. Verbosity or speech redundancy can manifest itself in the use of extra words in a short phrase. Extra words in oral speech indicate the fuzziness, indefinability of the author's ideas about the subject of speech. To achieve speech richness, you need to study the language in its literary and colloquial forms, its style, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation and grammar. The figurativeness of speech is created through the use of words in a figurative sense.
The expressiveness of speech, which is achieved by a clear, clear pronunciation, correct intonation, and skillfully spaced pauses, is essential. Due attention should be paid to the pace of speech, the strength of the voice, the persuasiveness of the tone, as well as the features of oratory: posture, gestures, facial expressions. Good speech is not possible without the appropriate knowledge, skills and abilities. It all comes as a result of labor. To study and be demanding not only to the speech of others, but also to your own above all.
The word, as is known, is the basic unit of the language, the most noticeable element of its artistic means. And the expressiveness of speech is associated primarily with the word. Many words have the ability to be used in several meanings. This property is called ambiguity, or polysemy. Writers find in ambiguity a source of vivid emotionality, liveliness of speech.
For example, a multi-valued word can be repeated in the text, which, however, appears in different meanings:
The poet speaks from afar, the poet speaks far away.(M. Tsvetaeva)
How much courage is needed to play for centuries, How ravines play, how a river plays, How diamonds play, how wine plays, How to play without refusal is sometimes destined.(B. Pasternak)
Polysemy should not be confused homonyms(words that have the same form but different meanings: key - spring And the key is a master key, marriage is a flaw And marriage - marriage, scolding - swearing And scolding - war, bench - bench And shop - shop, steep bank And cool boiling water, make a movie - take off your hat), as well as homophones (words that sound the same but are different in meaning and spelling: company - campaign, offend - run around, aisle - limit, gray - sit ), homographs (words coinciding in spelling, but different in meaning and pronunciation: flour - flour, village - village, home - home) and homoforms (words that coincide in sound and spelling only in separate forms: my house - my hands, three comrades - spot three carefully), which are widely used in the text to create its expressiveness.
For example: You puppies! Follow me! You will be on kalach! Yes, look, don’t talk, Or I’ll beat you!(A. Pushkin)
Writers often collide in the same context different meanings of polysemantic words and homonyms, achieving a comic effect.
For example: Women are like dissertations: they need protection. (E. Meek)
Homonymous rhymes- bright means of sound game. I. Brodsky brilliantly owned it.
For example: Flickered on the slope of the bank Near the bushes of bricks. Above the pink spire of the jar, the Crow writhed, screaming.
The role of homonyms in the text
Homonyms are used:
a) for expressiveness and expression of speech.
For example:
You fed the white swans
Throwing back the weight of black braids ...
I swam nearby; came together fed,
The sunset beam was terribly braided.
Suddenly a pair of swans darted ...
I don't know whose fault it was...
The sunset froze behind a haze of steam,
Alley like a stream of wine(V. Ya. Bryusov);
b) to create expressiveness of a comic nature(based on their use, puns are usually created).
For example: “Listen to the authorities? No, thank you...” And he was fired.(E. Meek)
Paronyms, i.e. words similar in sound and spelling, but having different meanings ( individuality - individualism, smoky - smoky, noisy - noisy, payment - payout ) have great expressive power.
The role of paronyms in the text
Paronyms are usually used:
a) to create greater accuracy and expressiveness (expressiveness) of the statement.
For example:
This rod is made in Munich,
constant companion of my life,
Skillfully distracts me from ugliness
Historical - and hysterical! - days.
(I. Severyanin);
b) to create greater figurativeness, clarity of the image and convey the emotional and evaluative attitude of the author.
For example:
Without vociferous feelings, without sensitive words
Of their villainous homeland, spacious,
In her blasphemy devout,
Neither souls nor fish are dear to him.
(I. Severyanin);
c) to create a comic (humorous, ironic, sarcastic) effect.
For example: They call him the master, what kind of master is this, this is a centimeter! (K. Chukovsky)
Here is a play on paronyms: meter - meter.
The expressiveness of speech enhances the use of synonyms - words denoting the same concept, but differing in additional semantic shades or stylistic coloring.
For example: bold - brave, run - rush, eyes (neutral) - eyes(poet.)
The beauty and expressiveness of a native speaker's speech can be judged by how he uses synonyms. Without mastering the synonymic richness of the native language, it is impossible to make your speech bright and expressive. The poverty of the dictionary often leads to the repetition of the same words, tautology, the use of words without taking into account the shades of their meaning.
K. Chukovsky, talking about translations, asked questions and answered them himself: “Why is it always written about a person - thin, and not lean, not thin, not frail, not skinny? Why not cold, but cold? Not a shack, not a hut, but a hut? Not a trick, not a catch, but an intrigue? Many ... think that girls are only beautiful. Meanwhile, they are pretty, pretty, handsome, not bad-looking - and you never know what else..
Synonyms allow you to diversify speech, avoid the use of the same words. And writers skillfully use them, not mechanically replacing a repeated word, but taking into account the semantic and expressive shades of the words used.
For example: An inexplicable fear gradually filled my soul... This fear turned into horror when I began to notice that I had lost my way, lost my way.(A. Chekhov) Dear sir,” he began almost solemnly, “poverty is not a vice, it is the truth... But poverty is a vice, sir. In poverty, you still retain the nobility of innate feelings, but in poverty, never anyone.(F. Dostoevsky)
Mouths and lips - their essence is not one, And eyes - not peepers at all!
For some, depth is available, for others, deep plates!
Colliding synonyms in one context, the poet A. Markov gives a figurative description of their stylistic difference.
It is customary to distinguish between two main groups of synonyms:
conceptual , or ideographic associated with the differentiation of shades of the same value ( enemy - enemy, wet - damp - wet ), and stylistic, associated primarily with the expressive and evaluative characteristics of a particular concept ( face - mug, hand - hand - paw ).
A group of synonyms consisting of two or more words is called synonymous next .
Can be synonymous rows nouns(work - work - work - occupation ); adjectives ( damp – wet – wet ); verbs ( run - hasten - hasten ); adverbs ( here - here); phraseological units ( pour from empty to empty - carry water with a sieve ).
In the synonymic series, the leading word (dominant) is usually distinguished, which is the carrier of the main meaning: cloth– dress - suit - outfit.
Synonymous relations permeate the entire language. They are observed between words (everywhere - everywhere), between a word and a phraseological unit (rush - run headlong), between phraseological units (neither this nor that - neither fish nor meat).
Polysemantic words in their different meanings are part of various synonymic series. So, the word to speak, denoting knowledge of any language, is included in the synonymous series to speak - to own, and in the sense of having a conversation, it stands in the series of speak - to talk.
Synonyms can be contextual . A contextual synonym is only partly similar to a real, genuine synonym.
For example: Day was August, sultry, languidly boring. (A. Chekhov).
In this sentence, we see the description of the day in different words. At their core, the adjectives used in this sentence are not synonymous, as they describe different areas of reality. However, in this example, all these words create the image of the day, its character, so here they are contextual synonyms.
One day a photograph of a boy who won a bicycle was placed in the newspaper. I still remember this lucky man . In these sentences, the words of the boy and this lucky man designate the same person and are a means of connecting sentences, therefore they are also contextual synonyms.
Thus, contextual synonyms are synonyms only in a certain text; outside this text they cannot be called synonyms of each other.
Synonyms close in meaning, but usually not identical.
Each word of the synonymous series differs from other words of the same series by some additional shade of meaning, which must be taken into account in order to express thoughts with the greatest accuracy.
For example, in a synonymous series of adverbs quickly - soon - immediately the general meaning of these words is highlighted - a characteristic of an action proceeding with a certain degree of intensity.
Adverb fast indicates the speed of the action itself ( My brother walks fast); soon- the fact that the action is carried out after a short time ( Wait, he will come soon); in the dialect instantly the speed of the action is extremely high ( He instantly disappeared).
Synonyms, denoting a trait, often differ from each other by a greater or lesser degree of manifestation of this trait.
For example, in the synonymous series wet - damp - wet adjectives are arranged in ascending order of the attribute: raw- more saturated with liquid than wet; wet- more abundantly saturated with liquid, moisture than raw.
adjectives big - huge also differ in the degree of manifestation of the trait.
The common meaning that unites these words is "having a size, a value that exceeds the norm." However, in each of them the degree of this quality is different: huge more than big.
Nouns enemy - adversary denote a person (or group of people) who is in a state of enmity with someone.
In a word enemy the concept of hostility is stronger than in the word enemy: in the latter, the meaning "one who takes the opposite position" prevails.
For example: Be merciless to the enemy. Defeat an opponent in a competition.
Synonyms may differ from each other in the breadth of their meaning.
For example: author - writer . The meaning of the word author is wider than writer. Writers are called those who write literary works, and not only poetic, but authors- also the creators of scientific works, projects, etc.
The difference between synonyms is also manifested in the ability to combine with other words.
Some of them have the ability to combine with a large, sometimes unlimited range of words; others have limited compatibility.
For example , elderly - old .
One can say old house, old coat, old book etc. Synonym elderly used only in relation to a person: elderly person, elderly woman.
Words brave And brave have the same meaning: brave warrior, brave warrior, brave young man, brave young man etc. When combined with nouns that name people, these adjectives can interchange each other, but with words like decision, act, project etc., only an adjective is used brave(can't say brave decision or brave project).
Stylistic functions of synonyms
The commonality of the meaning of synonyms allows the use of one word instead of another, which diversifies speech, makes it possible to avoid the annoying use of the same words.
Substitution function - one of the main functions of synonyms. Writers pay great attention to avoiding annoying repetition of words.
Here, for example, is how N. Gogol uses a group of synonymous expressions with the meaning " talk, talk »: “The visitor [Chichikov] somehow knew how to find himself in everything and showed himself an experienced secular person. Whatever the conversation was about, he always knew how to support it: if it was about a horse farm, he talked about a horse farm; they talked about good dogs, and here he reported very sensible remarks, whether they interpreted regarding the investigation carried out by the Treasury Chamber - he showed that he was not unknown to judicial tricks; whether there was a discussion about the billiard game - and in the billiard game he did not miss; whether they talked about virtue, and he talked about virtue very well, even with tears in his eyes; about making hot wine, and he knew the use of hot wine; about customs overseers and officials, and he judged them as if he were an official and overseer ".
Synonyms not only diversify speech. They also help to clarify, more clearly and vividly convey the idea.
For example, in I. Turgenev's story " living relics"read:" “And aren’t you bored, aren’t you terrified, my poor Lukerya?” – What will you do? I don’t want to lie - at first it was sickening, and then I got used to it, got tired of it ...". Lukerya first uses the word used to, but it does not fully express her state. It is impossible to get used to such terrible sufferings that she endures - one can precisely get over, and she adds this expressive folk word.
Synonyms in the following sentences act in the same clarification function: “What should he do now, how to get rid of this sudden, unexpected love?” (I. Bunin); “Many times in her life her [Aksinya’s] hopes and aspirations did not come true, did not come true”(M. Sholokhov).
In speech practice, it is widely used reception of injection of synonyms with an increase in expressiveness. Sometimes writers use several synonyms in a row, as if stringing them together, thereby strengthening the feature, the action.
For example: And I realized that I won’t break my oath, But if I want to break it, I can’t, That I will forever I won't shrug, I won't frighten. (B. Slutsky)
Or F. Dostoevsky: They shouted that it was a sin, even vile, that the old man was out of his mind, that the old man deceived, deceived, deceived.
This technique gives the speech a tense, somewhat pathetic tone: “Nikolka leaned against the cold wood of his holster, touched his predatory Mauser nose with his fingers and almost burst into tears from excitement. I wanted to fight right now, this minute, there, behind the Post, on the steppe fields "(M. Bulgakov).
Here is how the drama of the first years of the Great Patriotic War is conveyed with the help of synonyms:
forties, fatal,
Lead, gunpowder...
War walks in Russia,
And we are so young!
(D. Samoilov)
Or the expanse and expanse of the Motherland:
For hundreds of miles, for hundreds of miles,
For hundreds of kilometers
Salt lay, feather grass rustled,
Blackened cedar grove.
(A. Akhmatova)
Stylistic synonyms are especially expressive: mouth - mouth(outdated), face - mug(simple) actor - actor (outdated), housing - housing (colloquial), etc.
In the novel by Ilf and Petrov " The twelve Chairs» read:
“Klavdia Ivanovna died,” the customer said.
“Well, the kingdom of heaven,” agreed Bezenchuk. “It means that the old woman has passed away... Old women, they always pass away... Or they give their souls to God – it depends on what kind of old woman. Yours, for example, is small and in the body, which means it has passed away. And, for example, which is larger and thinner - the one, it is believed, gives her soul to God ...
- So how is it considered? Who considers it?
- We count. At the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, of lofty stature, although thin. You are considered, if, God forbid, you die, that you played in the box. And who is a merchant, a former merchant guild, that means ordered to live long. And if someone is of a lower rank, a janitor, for example, or one of the peasants, they say about him: he spread himself or stretched out his legs. But the most powerful when they die, railway conductors or someone from the authorities, it is believed that they give oak. So they say about them: "But ours, I heard, gave oak."
Shocked by this strange classification of human deaths, Ippolit Matveyevich asked: - Well, when you die, what will the masters say about you? - I am a small person. They will say: "Bezenchuk is bent." And they won't say anything else."
Synonyms can also do opposition function .
Alexander Blok in an explanatory note to the production of " Rose and Cross wrote about Gaetana: "... not eyes, but eyes, not hair, but curls, not a mouth, but a mouth."
The same with Kuprin: "He, in fact, did not walk, but dragged along without lifting his feet from the ground."
Synonyms are used to diversify speech and as a means of clarifying the expressed thoughts. Accuracy in the expressions of thought is achieved by comparing or contrasting synonyms. In the first case, each of the synonyms introduces something new into the stated position: This, my friend, is a mockery, a mockery(A. Chekhov), in the second - the accuracy of thought is achieved as a result of the denial of one position by another ( Here, on the shore, it is not thoughts that take possession, but thoughts ...(A. Chekhov).
The role of synonyms in the text
Synonyms (including contextual ones) as a means of linguistic expressiveness allow:
a) clarify the thought and convey its various semantic shades.
For example: But in the blackened canvases of Pusson I did not find anything for myself; landscapes did not seem to me so fictional, pretentious, incredible.(I. E. Repin);
For example: This is my homeland, my native land, my fatherland - and in life there is no hotter, deeper and more sacred feeling than love for you.(L. N. Tolstoy);
c) indicate the intensity of the trait and enhance expression.
For example: She needed to charm, captivate, drive crazy every time.(A.P. Chekhov); I am an incorrigible idealist; I seek shrines, I love them, my heart yearns for them.(F. M. Dostoevsky);
d) more deeply reveal this or that image.
For example: His well-shaven cheeks always burned with a blush of embarrassment, bashfulness, shyness and embarrassment.(I. Ilf, E. Petrov)
Antonyms occupy a special place in the system of expressive lexical means.
Antonyms
Go to the next page