home Insulation Grammatical and lexical richness of speech. Richness and expressiveness of speech. Proverbs and sayings

Grammatical and lexical richness of speech. Richness and expressiveness of speech. Proverbs and sayings

Abstract on the discipline

Stylistics of the Russian language

On the topic: Richness of speech

Plan:

1. Introduction

2. The concept of richness of speech

3. Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech

4. Word formation as a source of speech richness

5. Grammatical resources of speech richness

6. Speech richness and functional styles

7. Conclusion

8. References

1. Introduction

I chose “The Wealth of Speech” as the topic of my message, because I consider it relevant and useful for later life. Because, in the Russian language, “there are enough colors to vividly depict any picture.” His huge vocabulary allows him to convey the most complex thoughts.

2. The concept of richness of speech

The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages in the world. Its wealth lies in the innumerable supply of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in the variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic structures and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades.

The richness of an individual’s speech is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how skillfully, in accordance with the content, topic and purpose of the statement, he uses them in a specific situation. Speech is considered richer the more widely various means and ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning are used in it, and the less often the same linguistic unit is repeated without a special communicative task.

3. Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech

The richness of any language is evidenced primarily by its vocabulary. It is known that the seventeen-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language includes 120,480 words. But it does not reflect all the vocabulary of the national language: toponyms, anthroponyms, many terms, outdated, colloquial, regional words are not included; derived words formed according to active models. The “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” contains 200,000 words, although it does not contain all the words used in the Russian language of the mid-19th century. It is impossible to determine with maximum accuracy the number of words in the modern Russian language, since it is constantly updated and enriched. The reference dictionaries “New Words and Meanings”, as well as the annual issues of the series “New in Russian Vocabulary: Dictionary Materials” eloquently speak about this. Thus, a dictionary-reference book on materials from the press and literature of the 70s. (1984) contains about 5,500 new words and phrases, as well as words with new meanings that were not included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language published before 1970. “Dictionary Materials-80” (Moscow, 1984) includes more than 2,700 dictionary entries and 1000 new words with incomplete descriptions (without interpretations and etymological and word-formation information), found in periodicals from September to December 1980.

The more lexemes the speaker (writer) owns, the more freely, fully and accurately he can express his thoughts and feelings, while avoiding unnecessary, stylistically unmotivated repetitions. The vocabulary of an individual depends on a number of reasons (the level of his general culture, education, profession, age, etc.), so it is not a constant value for any native speaker. Scientists believe that a modern educated person actively uses approximately 10-12 thousand words in oral speech, and ¾ 20-24 thousand in written speech. The passive stock, which includes those words that a person knows but practically does not use in his speech, is approximately 30 thousand words. These are quantitative indicators of the richness of language and speech.

However, the richness of language and speech is determined not only and not so much by quantitative indicators of vocabulary, but by the semantic richness of the dictionary, the wide ramification of word meanings. About 80% of words in Russian are polysemous; Moreover, as a rule, these are the most active, frequent words in speech. Many of them have more than ten meanings (see for example, take, beat, stand, time etc.), and some lexemes have twenty or more meanings (see. remove, put, reduce, pull, go and etc.). Thanks to the polysemy of words, significant savings in linguistic means are achieved when expressing thoughts and feelings, since the same word, depending on the context, can have different meanings. Therefore, learning new meanings of already known words is no less important than learning new words; it helps enrich speech.

Phraseological combinations have their own special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the meanings of their constituent components, for example: the cat cried¾ ‘little’, carelessly¾‘carelessly, sloppy’. Phraseologisms can be ambiguous: at random¾1) ‘in different directions’; 2) ‘bad; not as it should, as it should, as it should be’; 3) ‘perversely, distorting the meaning (to judge, interpret, etc.)’; submit hand ¾ 1) ‘extend your hand to shake as a sign of greeting, farewell’; 2) ‘offer to lean on your hand’; 3) in combination with a noun help¾‘help, assist someone’.

Phraseologisms of the Russian language are diverse in their expressed meanings and stylistic role; they are an important source of speech richness.

The Russian language has no equal in the number and variety of lexical and phraseological synonyms, which, thanks to their semantic and stylistic differences, make it possible to accurately express the most subtle shades of thoughts and feelings. This is how, for example, M.Yu. Lermontov in the story "Bela", using synonyms, characterizes Kazbich's horse depending on the change in Azamat's internal state. First, a stylistically neutral word is used horse, then ¾ its ideographic synonym horse(‘a horse distinguished by high running qualities’): ¾ Nice horse you have! ¾ says Azamat, ¾ If I were the owner of the house and had a herd of three hundred mares, I would give half for your horse, Kazbich! As the desire to acquire a horse at any cost intensifies, the word horse appears in Azamat’s vocabulary, the high stylistic connotation of which fully corresponds to the mood of the young man: ¾ The first time I saw your horse, ¾ Azamat continued, ¾ when he spun and jumped under you, flaring his nostrils... something incomprehensible happened in my soul...

Artists of words creatively use the possibilities of synonymy, creating in some cases contextual (author's) synonyms. So, according to the observations of A.I. Efimova, “in Shchedrin’s satire the word spoke has more than 30 synonyms: blurted, muttered, thumped, exclaimed, squeezed out, nailed, barked, hiccupped, shot a snake-like thorn, moaned, cooed, noticed, reasoned, praised, said, blurted out and others. Moreover, each of these synonyms had its own scope of application." Synonymous series are usually used to clarify, clarify, and comprehensively characterize an object or phenomenon. For example: Mezhenin lazily, reluctantly turned and, swaying, walked out(Yu. Bondarev). In certain contexts, almost complete interchangeability of synonyms is possible. The substitution function ¾ is one of the main stylistic functions of synonyms ¾ allows you to avoid unmotivated lexical repetitions and promotes diversity of speech. For example: The lucky ones, I imagined, will not understand what I myself cannot understand.(M. Lermontov). Here: I don’t understand - I don’t understand.

4. Word formation as a source of speech richness

The vocabulary of the Russian language, as you know, is enriched primarily through word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create a huge number of derivative words using ready-made models. For example, in the "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language" (Moscow, 1985) only with the prefix on the- about 3000 words are given. As a result of word-formation processes, large lexical nests arise in a language, sometimes including several dozen words.

For example, a nest with a root empty -: empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, emptiness, empty, wasteland, wasteland, wasteland, devastate, empty, devastation, devastator, desolate, desert, deserted, wasted, empty, desolate, desolation , desolation, empty etc.

Word-forming affixes add a variety of semantic and emotional shades to words. V.G. Belinsky wrote about this: “The Russian language is unusually rich in expressing natural phenomena...

Indeed, what wealth for depicting phenomena of natural reality lies only in Russian verbs that have kinds! Swim, float, float, float, float, float, float, float away, float away, float, float, float, float...: it's all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action!" The suffixes of subjective assessment are varied in the Russian language: they give words shades of endearment, derogatory, disdainful, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, etc. For example, the suffix ¾ yonk(a) gives the noun a connotation of contempt: horse, hut, little room; suffix -enk(a)¾ shade of endearment: little hand, night, girlfriend, dawn etc.

The ability to use the word-forming capabilities of the language significantly enriches speech and allows you to create lexical and semantic neologisms, including ¾ individual author’s ones.

5. Grammatical resources of speech richness

The main sources of speech richness at the morphological level are synonymy and variation of grammatical forms, as well as the possibility of their use in a figurative meaning.

These include:

1) variation of case forms of nouns: piece of cheese ¾ piece of cheese, be on vacation ¾ be on vacation, bunkers ¾ hopper, five grams ¾ five grams and others, characterized by different stylistic colors (neutral or bookish in nature, on the one hand, colloquial ¾ on the other);

2) synonymous case constructions, differing in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for me ¾ buy it for me, bring it to my brother ¾ bring it for my brother, didn’t open the window ¾ didn't open the window, go through the forest ¾ walk through the forest;

3) synonymy of short and full forms of adjectives that have semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: the bear is clumsy ¾ the bear is clumsy, the young man is brave ¾ brave young man, the street is narrow ¾ the street is narrow;

4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: below ¾ shorter, smarter ¾ smarter, smarter ¾ the cleverest ¾ smarter than everyone else;

5) synonymy of adjectives and oblique case forms of nouns: library book ¾ book from library, university building ¾ university building, laboratory equipment ¾ laboratory equipment, Yesenin's poems ¾ Yesenin's poems;

6) variation in combinations of numerals with nouns: with two hundred inhabitants - residents, three students ¾ three students, two generals - two generals;

7) synonymy of pronouns (for example, any ¾ every ¾ any; something ¾ something ¾ anything ¾ anything; somebody ¾ anyone ¾ anyone; someone ¾ someone; some kind ¾ any ¾ some ¾ some ¾ some);

8) the possibility of using one number form in the meaning of another, some pronouns or verbal forms in the meaning of others, i.e. grammatical-semantic transfers, in which additional semantic shades and expressive coloring usually appear. For example, the use of the pronoun We in meaning You or You to express sympathy, empathy: Now we (you, you) have already stopped crying; use We in meaning I(author's we): As a result of analyzing the factual material, we came to the following conclusions... (I came); using the future tense in the meaning of the present: You can't erase a word from a song(proverb); You can't even pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty.(proverb), etc.

The syntax of the Russian language with its unusually developed synonymy and variation, a system of parallel constructions, and almost free word order provides rich opportunities to diversify speech. Syntactic synonyms, parallel figures of speech that have a common grammatical meaning, but differ in semantic or stylistic shades, in many cases can be interchangeable, which makes it possible to express the same idea in a variety of linguistic means. Compare, for example: She's sad ¾ She is sad; No joy ¾ No joy ¾ What a joy there is; The school year ended, the children left for the village; ¾ The school year has ended ¾ the guys went to the village; ¾ Because the school year ended, the guys left for the village; ¾ After (as soon as) the school year ended, the children left for the village.

Synonymous and parallel syntactic constructions allow, firstly, to convey the necessary semantic and stylistic shades, and secondly, to diversify verbal means of expression. However, in an effort to avoid syntactic monotony, one should not forget the semantic and stylistic differences between such constructions.

The same sentence in speech can acquire different semantic and stylistic shades depending on the word order. Thanks to all sorts of permutations, you can create several versions of one sentence: Nikolai and his brother were at the stadium ¾ Nikolai was with his brother at the stadium ¾ Nikolai was at the stadium with his brother etc. There are no formal grammatical restrictions for rearranging words. But when the order of words changes, the shade of thought changes: in the first case, the main thing is Who was at the stadium, in the second ¾ Where there was Nikolai, in the third ¾ with whom. As noted by A.M. Peshkovsky, a sentence of five complete words (I'll go for a walk tomorrow) depending on their permutation, it allows 120 options, i.e. gives more than a hundred options for semantic and stylistic shades. Consequently, word order is also one of the sources of speech richness.

In addition to word order, intonation helps to give the same syntactic structure various shades. With the help of intonation, you can convey many shades of meaning, give speech one or another emotional coloring, highlight the most important, significant, express the addressee’s attitude to the subject of speech. Take, for example, the sentence My brother arrived in the morning. By changing intonation, you can not only state the fact of your brother’s arrival, but also express your attitude (joy, surprise, indifference, dissatisfaction, etc.). By moving the intonation center (logical stress), you can change the meaning of a given sentence, My brother arrived in the morning(contains the answer to the question When brother arrived?); In the morning my brother arrived (who did you arrive in the morning?).

Intonation has the ability to “express semantic differences between sentences with the same syntactic structure and lexical composition that are incompatible in the same context: What's her voice like? ¾ What a voice she has!; Your ticket?(those. your or not yours) ¾ Your ticket!(those. present it!) . Intonation can give the same words completely different shades and expand the semantic capacity of the word. For example, the word Hello can be pronounced joyfully, affectionately, affably and rudely, dismissively, arrogantly, dryly, indifferently; it can sound like a greeting and like an insult, humiliation of a person, i.e. take on the exact opposite meaning. “The range of intonations that expand the semantic meaning of speech can be considered limitless. It would not be a mistake to say that the true meaning of what is said always lies not in the words themselves, but in the intonations with which they are pronounced.”

Thus, verbal wealth presupposes, firstly, the assimilation of a large stock of linguistic means, and secondly, the skills and abilities to use the diversity of stylistic possibilities of the language, its synonymous means, and the ability to express the most complex and subtle shades of thoughts in various ways.

6. Speech richness and functional styles

The Russian language is enriched due to the emergence of new words, expressions and combinations, the development of new meanings for words and stable combinations that already exist in the language, the expansion of the scope of use of a language unit, etc. Innovations in language reflect changes that have occurred in reality, human social activity and his worldview, or are the result of intralinguistic processes. “All changes in language, ¾ noted L.V. Shcherba, ¾ ... are forged and accumulated in the forge of colloquial speech.” Therefore, in enriching the language, the conversational style plays an important role with its less strict, compared to book, norms, with its greater variability of speech units. The conversational style, connecting the literary language with the common language, contributes to the enrichment of the literary language with new words, their forms and meanings, phrases that modify already established semantics, syntactic constructions and various intonations. It is no coincidence that writers, poets, and publicists constantly resort to colloquial speech as an inexhaustible source of enriching the literary language. Also A.S. Pushkin, turning to the folk language, saw in it an eternally living and always refreshing source. The entire 19th century, which gave rise to the geniuses of Russian literature, passed in search of ways to liberate the people under the sign of mastering and establishing folk speech in the struggle for the right of a writer to write in a living, simple and powerful language, not shying away from “peasant” words and phrases, but, on the contrary, relying on on them as a sample. Word artists introduce the most apt folk words and expressions, the most successful constructions, and colloquial intonations into literary speech, thereby contributing to its enrichment. Fiction plays a primary role in consolidating innovations in literary language. Genuine works of art teach the reader the unconventional verbal formulation of thoughts, the original use of language. They are the main source of enriching the speech of society and individuals.

The journalistic style, characterized by a tendency to eliminate speech cliches and to enliven the narrative with fresh turns of phrase, also contributes to the enrichment of speech. Publicists are constantly looking for linguistic means designed for emotional impact, making extensive and creative use of the riches of language. In newspaper journalism, changes occurring in colloquial speech are reflected faster than anywhere else, which contributes to their consolidation in general use. Many words and combinations, when used in journalism, especially in newspapers, acquire socially evaluative meaning and expand their semantics. Yes, in an adjective class a new meaning has been formed: ‘corresponding to the ideology, interests of a particular class’ (class point of view); word pulse(‘an internal urge, an impetus to do something, caused by the activity of nerve agents’) in newspaper speech acquired a positive assessment and a specialized meaning: ‘that which accelerates something contributes to development’ ( impulse to creativity, powerful impulse, impulse of acceleration).

At the same time, some newspaper reports are replete with familiar, inexpressive words and phrases, speech cliches, templates that impoverish speech, depriving it of expressiveness and originality. The speech of the newspaper, as well as business papers, is the main source of stamps. From here they penetrate into colloquial and artistic speech, giving rise to monotony and poverty.

The official business style, with its standardization, widespread verbal formulas, stamps, stencils that facilitate communication in the field of legal relations, is the poorest and most monotonous in comparison with others. However, business speech, in accordance with its internal functional differentiation, can and should be diversified, including elements of other styles. Standardization in the official business style must have reasonable limits; here, as in other styles, a “sense of proportionality and conformity” must be observed,

In scientific speech, the choice of linguistic means is completely subordinated to the logic of thought. This is ¾ strictly thought-out, systematized speech, designed to accurately, logically consistently express a complex system of concepts with a clear establishment of relationships between them, which, however, does not interfere with its richness and diversity.

The scientific style to a certain extent (though to a much lesser extent compared to the artistic, journalistic and colloquial style) contributes to the enrichment of the language, primarily through vocabulary and terminological phrases.

7. Conclusion

I think that this information will be useful to us, students of a higher educational institution, in later life. To achieve verbal richness, you need to study the language (in its literary and colloquial forms, its style, vocabulary, phraseology, word formation and grammar).

8.References

1. Gritsanov A.A. philosophy: Encyclopedia. Minsk: Interpressservice. 2002. 1376 p.

2. Efimov A.I. Stylistics of the Russian language. M.: Enlightenment. 1969. 261. p.

3. Idashkin Yu.V. Facets of talent: About the work of Yuri Bondarev. M.: Fiction. 1983. 230 p.

4. LarinB. A. In memory of academician Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba. L. 1951. 323 p.

5. Peshkovsky A.M. Questions of native language methodology, linguistics and stylistics. M.: Gosizdat. 1930.311 p.

6. Pleschenko T.P., Fedotova N.V., Chechet R.G. Stylistics and culture of speech. Minsk: TetraSystems.2001.543с

7. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. M.: AST. 1998.384 p.

8. Russian writers. 1800-1917.t 3. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1992. 623.p.

9. Slavin. L.I. ‘The Tale of Vissarion Belinsky’. M.: Furious 1973. 479. p.

M.Yu. Lermontov is a Russian poet, prose writer, playwright, artist, officer. For more details, see: Russian writers. 1800-1917.t 3. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1992. p.329.

For more details see: Efimov A.I. Stylistics of the Russian language. M.: Education 1969. p.91.

Yu. Bondarev is a Russian Soviet writer. For more details see: Idashkin Yu.V. Facets of talent: About the work of Yuri Bondarev. M.: Fiction. 1983. 230 p.

V.G. Belinsky is a Russian writer, literary critic, publicist, and Western philosopher. For more details see: Slavin. L.I. ‘The Tale of Vissarion Belinsky’. M.: Furious 1973. 479. p.

For more details see: Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. c. 151¾166, 179¾193, 199¾220, as well as textbooks and teaching aids on the modern Russian language.

For more details see: Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. c. 350 ¾368.

For more details see: Peshkovsky A.M. Questions of native language methodology, linguistics and stylistics..M.: Gosizdat. 1930c. 157.

L.V. Shcherba (1880–1944) - Russian and Soviet linguist, academician. Read more cm.: Larin B. A. In memory of academician Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba. L. 1951. P. 12.

Richness of speech

Richness of speech- this is the criterion speech culture, which speaks of the erudition of the speaker. Every person needs to have as much vocabulary as possible in order to express their thoughts clearly and clearly. “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl contains 200,000 words, although it does not contain all the words used in the Russian language of the mid-19th century. It is impossible to determine the exact number of words in the modern Russian language, since it is constantly updated and enriched. The richness of a language is judged not only by the number of words. The vocabulary of the Russian language is enriched by polysemantic words, synonyms, homonyms, antonyms, paronyms, phraseological units, as well as archaisms, historicisms and neologisms.

It should be added that the richness of any language determined by its stylistic diversity and flexibility. And one of the features of the modern Russian linguistic state is that in the stylistic structure of the Russian language the language of the media comes to the fore, which performs a function that in the past belonged to the language of fiction.

Indicators of rich speech are:

– Use of various lexical forms(ambiguous words, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms, phraseological units, neologisms);

– Use of various syntactic structures;

– Use of various morphological forms.

Speech richness and functional styles

The Russian language is enriched due to the emergence of new words, expressions and combinations, the development of new meanings for words and stable combinations already existing in the language, the expansion of the scope of use of a linguistic unit, etc. Innovations in language reflect changes that have occurred in reality, social human activity and his worldview or are the result of intralinguistic processes. “All changes in language,” noted L.V. Shcherba, “...are forged and accumulated in the forge of colloquial speech.” Therefore, in enriching the language, the conversational style plays an important role with its less strict, compared to book, norms, with its greater variability of speech units. The conversational style, connecting the literary language with the common language, contributes to the enrichment of the literary language with new words, their forms and meanings, phrases that modify already established semantics, syntactic constructions and various intonations. It is no coincidence that writers, poets, and publicists constantly resort to colloquial speech as an inexhaustible source of enriching the literary language. Even A.S. Pushkin, turning to the folk language, saw in it an eternally living and always refreshing source. The entire 19th century, which gave rise to the geniuses of Russian literature, passed in search of ways to liberate the people under the sign of mastering and establishing folk speech in the struggle for the right of a writer to write in a living, simple and powerful language, not shying away from “peasant” words and phrases, but, on the contrary, relying on on them as a sample. Word artists introduce the most apt folk words and expressions, the most successful constructions, and colloquial intonations into literary speech, thereby contributing to its enrichment. Fiction plays a primary role in consolidating innovations in literary language. Genuine works of art teach the reader the unconventional verbal formulation of thoughts, the original use of language. They are the main source of enriching the speech of society and individuals.

The journalistic style, characterized by a tendency to eliminate speech cliches and to enliven the narrative with fresh turns of phrase, also contributes to the enrichment of speech. Publicists are constantly looking for linguistic means designed for emotional impact, making extensive and creative use of the riches of language. In newspaper journalism, changes occurring in colloquial speech are reflected faster than anywhere else, which contributes to their consolidation in general use. Many words and combinations, when used in journalism, especially in newspapers, acquire socially evaluative meaning and expand their semantics. Thus, in the adjective class a new meaning has been formed: “corresponding to the ideology, interests of a particular class” (class point of view); the word impulse ('internal urge, an impetus to something, caused by the activity of nerve agents') in newspaper speech acquired a positive assessment and a specialized meaning: 'that which accelerates something, promotes development' (impulse to creativity, powerful impulse, impulse acceleration).

Vocabulary is a collection of words of a particular language. The vocabulary of the Russian language numbers tens of thousands of words. Vocabularies embody the processes and results of human cognitive activity and reflect the development of the culture of the people. The vocabulary of the language is in constant flux: some words fall out of use, others appear, as new realities arise in the life around us that require naming. The science that studies the vocabulary of a language is called lexicology. Its subject is, first of all, the lexical meaning of a word, that is, the content assigned to it in society.

Lexicology allows you to realize how rich and expressive Russian speech is. The lexical system of the Russian language is changeable, mobile, and dynamic. Some words go away along with the reality that they denoted, or are replaced by others (the word neck replaced “neck”, hand - “right hand”). Some words disappeared because they could not withstand competition with other, more common ones: thief - thief, lanits - cheeks, etc. These are archaisms. They give speech solemnity and elation.

Sometimes it is not the entire word that becomes obsolete, but only one of its meanings. For example, the word vulgar has lost its meaning of “ordinary, hackneyed” and has acquired a completely different connotation in modern language.

At the same time, new objects appear in our lives, new concepts arise, and this entails the need to define them. This is how new words are born. They are usually called neologisms. For example, cosmodrome, honorik (a cross between a mink and a ferret), bionics.

The vocabulary of the Russian language is enriched in different ways, the most important of which is word formation, that is, the emergence of new words by constructing them from morphemes existing in the language according to known models. A widespread method for the emergence of new words is the development of a new meaning in existing ones (semantic derivation). A certain part of words appears as a result of borrowings from other languages. This process has intensified in recent years due to numerous foreign contacts. Examples: voucher, leasing, broker, clearing, barter, dealer, investment, etc. All words in the Russian language can be divided into two groups: original ones, which arose on Russian soil, and borrowed ones, which came from other languages. Quite a few words found their way into Russian language from other languages: Greek (lamp, icon, sexton, Bible), Latin (school, revolution, exam, linguistics), Turkic (pencil, sundress, chest), German, Dutch (soldier, officer, headquarters, bill), etc.

However, the main source of replenishment of the vocabulary of a language is not borrowing, but the formation of new lexical units on the basis of the native language, through the use of various methods of word formation.

In the Russian language, there are the following ways of forming words: 1) suffixal: fly - pilot, educator - teacher, scatter - scatter-yva-n-ie, cold - cold-ovate; 2) prefix: swim - to-swim, from-swim, you-swim; dark - beyond dark; sleepy – sleepless; friend – not-friend; 3) prefix-suffixal (simultaneously a prefix and a suffix are added to the generating base): beard - pod-pod-ok, scream - shout-scream; 4) without suffix: go - transition?, blue - blue?, deaf - wilderness?, fly - flight?; 5) addition: a) without a connecting vowel: raincoat, sofa bed, launch vehicle; b) with a connecting vowel: dry fruits - dried fruits, car repair - car repair, factory + poultry - poultry farm; c) addition with suffixation: mow hay - hay-l-k-a; d) merging words based on the phrase: evergreen, long-lasting; e) merging words based on a sentence: tumbleweed; 6) abbreviation (formation of complex abbreviated words). In this case: a) the initial letters can be combined - MGU, MPGU; b) sounds can be combined - university, traffic police; c) only the first word can be abbreviated - salary, savings bank; d) parts of two words can be abbreviated - prodmag; 7) words can also be formed by transitioning from one part of speech to another: The sick (adj.) child cried. The patient (noun) moaned quietly. He left, thanking (adverbial) the doctor for his help. Thanks to (pretext) the doctor's help, he felt better; new words can appear as a result of the development of new meanings for words that have existed in the language for a long time (shell or breadbox to denote garages).

The richness and expressiveness of Russian speech is determined by the presence of various groups of words in the vocabulary of the language. The first of them is synonyms (words that are close in lexical meaning: brave - courageous, courageous, courageous, daring). Synonyms belong to the same part of speech. They may vary:

a) stylistically: potato (colloquial) – potato (neutral); b) by compatibility with other words: brown hair, brown wool, brown eyes; c) by frequency of use: postman - letter carrier, thermometer - thermometer. Synonyms form synonymous rows: pilot - pilot, aviator; homeland - fatherland, fatherland. The word, stylistically neutral and most commonly used, is the main one in this series.

Synonyms allow you to diversify your speech and avoid using the same words. And writers skillfully use them, not mechanically replacing a repeated word, but taking into account the semantic and expressive nuances of the words used. Another group of words are antonyms (words that belong to one part of speech, but have opposite meanings: friend - enemy, heavy - light, sad - fun, love - hate). Not all words have antonyms. If a word has multiple meanings, then each meaning can have its own antonym: a bad bucket is a whole bucket, a bad deed is a good deed. The contrast of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, enhancing the emotionality of speech: Houses are new, but prejudices are old (A. Griboyedov); I’m sad because you’re having fun (M. Yu. Lermontov) etc. Antonyms are constantly used in antithesis - a stylistic device that consists of a sharp opposition of concepts, positions, states. The phenomenon of antonymy is used to create a new concept by combining words that have contrasting meanings: “Living corpse”, “Optimistic” tragedy", "Bad good Human", etc. This stylistic device is called an oxymoron. Another group of words are homonyms (words that sound the same, but have different meanings: key (spring) and key (for a lock), mink (animal) and mink (hole), onion (plant) and onion (weapon)).

Homonyms can be complete (for example, key, mink) or incomplete, coinciding in some form: glass (genus from glass) and glass (3rd person of the verb drain). Homonymy is often used in humorous works to achieve a comic effect.

Knowledge of the sources of richness and expressiveness of Russian speech allows you not only to speak correctly and beautifully, but also to express your thoughts in writing, for example in essays.

The richness of speech is the variety of linguistic means used: a large volume of active vocabulary; variety of morphological forms used; variety of syntactic structures used.
The evaluative words rich and poor in relation to speech are used by philologists, writers, literary critics, and teachers. They proceed from speech experience, which is artistic speech, for example, Russian writers JI. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov - rich, but in comparison; The newspaper's speech is, of course, poor.
Speech is considered rich if it is varied in its linguistic structure. A person must have a large vocabulary from which he can choose the right word and apply it in his speech.
The lexical richness of the Russian language is reflected in various linguistic dictionaries. For example, the “Dictionary of the Church Slavonic and Russian Language”, published in 1847, contains about 115 thousand words, V. I. Dahl’s “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” includes more than 200 thousand words, D. N. Ushakov included in the “Explanatory Dictionary” Russian language" about 90 thousand words.
The richness of the Russian language lies not only in the large number of words, but also in the diversity of their meanings. New semantic shades give the language flexibility, liveliness and expressiveness. There are many different homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, and paronyms in our language, which make our speech colorful, varied, help avoid repetition of the same words, and allow us to express thoughts figuratively. There are many words in the Russian language that convey the speaker’s positive or negative attitude towards the subject of thought, that is, they have expression. For example, the words bliss, luxurious, magnificent, fearless, charm contain positive expression, and the words chatterbox, klutz, stupidity, daub are characterized by negative expression. Here is an example of expressive, emotional speech:
Although Nilovna is only forty years old, she considers herself an old woman. She felt old, having not truly experienced either childhood or youth, without experiencing the joy of “recognizing” the world. Gorky paints the portrait of Nilovna in such a way that sad, gray tones predominate in it: “She was tall, slightly stooped, her body, broken by long work and beatings from her husband, moved silently and somehow sideways... There was a deep scar above her right eyebrow. .. She was all soft, sad and submissive.” Surprise and fear are what this woman’s face constantly expressed. The sad image of a mother cannot leave us indifferent...
Here's another example, taken from a collection of articles about best practices in agriculture:
The introduction of legumes into the crop rotation, with which the activity of nodule bacteria is associated, as well as the creation of the necessary conditions for the better development of these plants are important measures for the accumulation of nitrogen and the provision of nitrogen to subsequent crops. Thus, applying phosphate and potassium fertilizers to peas increases its yield and, therefore, contributes to greater accumulation of nitrogen.
This speech is devoid of liveliness, emotionality, there are no living colors in it, such speech is boring and standard, built from cumbersome statements.
It is impossible to achieve verbal wealth without studying the amazing language of the people - in its literary and colloquial forms, in all the diversity of its styles and socio-professional varieties, in all the abundance and diversity of its vocabulary and phraseology, word formation and grammar.
Don't forget that intonation enriches speech. Literary Russian speech is characterized by a variety of intonations, taken from the spoken language and enriched and polished by the literary language. Intonation is not only raising and lowering the tone, it is also strengthening and weakening the voice, slowing down and speeding up the tempo, various changes in timbre, these are breaks in the speech flow, or pauses. Intonation, participating in the construction of utterances,

tion and “layering” on syntax and vocabulary, creates excellent opportunities for expressing the most diverse shades of meaning.
Syntax also enriches speech. It is common to say that the grammar of a language (i.e., the ways and means of constructing and changing words and constructing sentences) is not flexible and active enough in creating speech diversity. The syntax of the Russian literary language has an enviable variety of means, methods, and types of constructing sentences that are very different from each other. You can use simple sentences in speech, or you can use complex ones; you can introduce coordinating conjunctions into speech, or you don’t have to introduce them... Of course, in order to use the flexible system of syntactic means of our language, you need to know it well - and not only in theory, but also in practice, in its speech existence. For the first time in the history of Russian literature, the poetry of A. S. Pushkin showed the flexibility and beauty of Russian syntax and Russian intonation. How well Pushkin’s syntax conveys the rhythm and melody of the waltz:
Monotonous and crazy
Like a young whirlwind of life,
A noisy whirlwind swirls around the waltz;
Couple flashes after couple.
The better a writer and speaker is familiar with the intonation resources of our language and the practice of using them verbally, the freer and more varied his speech.
Good Russian speech is famous for its apt and figurative words. It is no coincidence that verbal folk art has created such an abundance of proverbs and sayings. After all, language itself, its role in human life, are aptly and vividly reflected in proverbs and sayings. The speech creativity of the people never stops. The exponents of this folk talent are primarily national writers. Many statements of Russian writers and poets have entered the common language of the people as popular expressions. Accurate sayings enrich our speech if they are used appropriately and at the right time.

The Russian language consists of units belonging to one of its levels: phonetic, word-formative, lexical, morphological and syntactic. Accordingly, the richness of the Russian language also consists of the richness of each of its levels.

Phonetic richness- this is the wealth of phonemes (vowels and consonants) of their combinations. When perceiving oral speech, we first of all hear its sounds, which are characteristic of a given language.

The sound richness of Russian speech is also used in poetry to create corresponding images using a special selection of sounds (sound recording).

Word-formative wealth, which develops as a result of various processes of formation of new words, is one of the most important ways to replenish the vocabulary of a language and, consequently, its wealth. The use of certain methods of word formation makes it possible to form words from the same root of those parts of speech and with those shades of meaning that can most accurately express a thought, feeling or state, etc.

Lexical richness- the most significant layer of the richness of the language. Vocabulary is the totality of words of a language, its vocabulary.

Vocabulary directly or indirectly reflects reality, responds to changes in the field of social, material and cultural life, and is constantly updated with new words to denote new objects, phenomena, processes, and concepts.

Vocabulary, among other levels of language, has the most developed and multi-layered structure, differing in the sphere of use, in the spheres of communication, in emotional coloring, in the degree of activity in its use, etc.

Lexical richness also includes phraseological richness.

Grammatical richness The Russian language is provided by the variety and diversity of morphological and syntactic means.

Morphological means are represented by parts of speech, the grammatical categories of which make it possible to express various relationships of meaning and give the statement the necessary stylistic, expressive and emotional coloring.

Syntactic richness The Russian language is determined by the variety of syntactic structures that directly serve for communication between people. It is in syntax that such special means of language are concentrated, without which communication cannot be realized.

Main sources of speech wealth.

Speech wealth is based not only on linguistic, but also on speech units themselves. It includes intonational richness, semantic, stylistic, genre, thematic, etc., reflecting all parameters of speech. Speech wealth in general is a much broader and more capacious concept than linguistic wealth.

There are layers of such means that relate exclusively to speech. It is even impossible to list all of them, since no matter which side of speech we take, we will immediately see a variety of different means and ways of enriching it.

These aspects of the richness of speech are determined by the diversity of the situations themselves and the components of these situations. Speech itself is infinitely varied:

In terms of goals, since both the richness of content and the expression of the feelings and will of its author have many options in terms of the direction of the impact of speech, its intensity, and the meanings and shades of their meanings;

By topic (subject of speech), since the statement cannot be devoted to absolutely all facts, events and phenomena of life;

By forms, styles and genres;

By a set of verbal and non-verbal means, means of expression, etc.

Accordingly, oral and written speech have their own characteristics and a diverse repertoire of speech genres characteristic of each of them.

The features of monologue and dialogic forms of speech give rise to a wealth of means of authorization and dialogization of messages, etc.

But the most important source of speech wealth is the manifestation of individuality - in the individual manner of speech, in personal meanings and associations expressed by speech and perceived through speech. The influence of personality on individual speech is not only knowledge of language. But also in the reflection of the activity of consciousness, in the originality or cliché of thinking, in the direction, coloring and degree of brightness of emotions, in relation to interlocutors, etc.

The richness of speech is manifested not only in the creation of texts, but also in their perception, because the richer the linguistic and speech baggage, the easier and more accurate the recognition and recognition of various elements of speech, and especially their recoding into “one’s own language.”

The richness of speech is manifested in the speech of a specific person or in a specific text. At the same time, the richness of speech as a virtue presupposes not only the variety of linguistic and speech means used, but also their relevance and validity.

Purity of speech.

Purity is the quality of speech, which, if not observed, turns out, judging by surveys, to be the most noticeable to listeners. Lack of purity of speech often causes irritation, since the use of certain “unclean”, “dirty” means causes ethical and aesthetic “disgust” and rejection, and this is reflected in communicative relationships - the mutual disposition of partners towards each other is disrupted (does not arise), therefore - Communication in general suffers.

All these groups of vocabulary are united by the fact that, as violators of “purity,” they are usually foreign, non-style inclusions in speech. In other words, in order for them to be regarded as a kind of “spots”, it is necessary that the “main fabric” of the text be “pure”, that is, that the speech is based on the Russian literary language with stylistically neutral vocabulary.

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NON-GOVERNMENTAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT

discipline: Russian language

Richness of speech

Performed:

Vasiliev A.N.

Checked:

Magfurova S.O.

Naberezhnye Chelny, 2015

Introduction

1. The concept of richness of speech

Conclusion

Introduction

The richness of speech is the maximum possible saturation of it with different, non-repetitive means of language necessary to express meaningful information. The richness of speech can be characterized through the relationship of speech with language and consciousness. The Russian language has “enough colors to vividly depict any picture.” His huge vocabulary allows him to convey the most complex thoughts.

1. The concept of richness of speech

The level of speech culture depends not only on knowledge of the norms of the literary language, the laws of logic and strict adherence to them, but also on the possession of its riches and the ability to use them in the process of communication. The Russian language is rightly called one of the richest and most developed languages in the world. Its wealth lies in an innumerable supply of vocabulary and phraseology, in the semantic richness of the dictionary, in the limitless possibilities of phonetics, word formation and word combinations, in the variety of lexical, phraseological and grammatical synonyms and variants, syntactic structures and intonations. All this allows you to express the subtlest semantic and emotional shades. The richness of an individual’s speech is determined by what arsenal of linguistic means he owns and how skillfully, in accordance with the content, topic and purpose of the utterance, he uses them in a specific situation. Speech is considered richer the more widely various means and ways of expressing the same thought, the same grammatical meaning are used in it, and the less often the same linguistic unit is repeated without a special communicative task.

2. Lexico-phraseological and semantic richness of speech

The richness of any language is evidenced primarily by its vocabulary. It is known that the seventeen-volume Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language includes 120,480 words. But it does not reflect all the vocabulary of the national language: toponyms, anthroponyms, many terms, obsolete, colloquial, regional words, and derivative words formed according to active models are not included. The “Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” contains 200,000 words, although it does not contain all the words used in the Russian language of the mid-19th century. It is impossible to determine with maximum accuracy the number of words in the modern Russian language, since it is constantly updated and enriched. The reference dictionaries “New Words and Meanings”, as well as the annual issues of the series “New in Russian Vocabulary: Dictionary Materials” eloquently speak about this. Thus, a dictionary-reference book on materials from the press and literature of the 70s. (1984) contains about 5,500 new words and phrases, as well as words with new meanings that were not included in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language published before 1970.

The more lexemes the speaker (writer) owns, the more freely, fully and accurately he can express his thoughts and feelings, while avoiding unnecessary, stylistically unmotivated repetitions. The vocabulary of an individual depends on a number of reasons (the level of his general culture, education, profession, age, etc.), so it is not a constant value for any native speaker. Scientists believe that a modern educated person actively uses approximately 1012 thousand words in oral speech, and 2024 thousand in written speech. The passive stock, which includes those words that a person knows but practically does not use in his speech, is approximately 30 thousand words. These are quantitative indicators of the richness of language and speech.

Many of them have more than ten meanings (see, for example, take, beat, stand, time, etc.), and some lexemes have twenty or more meanings (see remove, put, bring, pull, go, etc.).

Thanks to the polysemy of words, significant savings in linguistic means are achieved when expressing thoughts and feelings, since the same word, depending on the context, can have different meanings. Therefore, learning new meanings of already known words is no less important than learning new words; it helps enrich speech.

Phraseological combinations have their own, special meaning, which is not derived from the sum of the meanings of their constituent components, for example: the cat cried a little, carelessly, carelessly. Phraseologisms can be ambiguous: at random:

1) in different directions;

2) bad, not as it should be, as it should be, as it should be;

3) wrongly, distorting the meaning (to judge, interpret, etc.), give a hand:

1) extend your hand to shake as a sign of greeting, farewell;

2) offer to lean on your hand;

3) in combination with the noun help, to help, to assist someone.

Phraseologisms of the Russian language are diverse in their expressed meanings and stylistic role; they are an important source of speech richness.

The Russian language has no equal in the number and variety of lexical and phraseological synonyms, which, thanks to their semantic and stylistic differences, make it possible to accurately express the most subtle shades of thoughts and feelings. This is how, for example, M.Yu. Lermontov M.Yu. Lermontov, a Russian poet, prose writer, playwright, artist, officer in the story “Bela”, using synonyms, characterizes Kazbich’s horse depending on the change in Azamat’s internal state. First, the stylistically neutral word horse is used, then its ideographic synonym skunk (a horse distinguished by high running qualities): Nice horse you have! says Azamat, if I were the master of the house and had a herd of three hundred mares, I would give half for your horse, Kazbich! As the desire to acquire a horse at any cost intensifies, the word horse appears in Azamat’s vocabulary, the high stylistic coloring of which is quite consistent with the mood of the young man: The first time I saw your horse, Azamat continued, when he was spinning and jumping under you, inflating nostrils... something incomprehensible happened in my soul...

Artists of words creatively use the possibilities of synonymy, creating in some cases contextual (author's) synonyms. So, according to the observations of A.I. Efimov, in Shchedrin’s satire the word said has more than 30 synonyms: blurted out, muttered, thumped, exclaimed, squeezed out, nailed, barked, hiccupped, shot a snake-like thorn, moaned, cooed, noticed, reasoned, praised, said, blurted out and etc.

Moreover, each of these synonyms had its own scope of application. In certain contexts, almost complete interchangeability of synonyms is possible. The substitution function, one of the main stylistic functions of synonyms, allows one to avoid unmotivated lexical repetitions and promotes diversity of speech. For example: The lucky ones, I imagined, will not understand what I myself cannot understand (M. Lermontov). Here: if I don’t make it out, I don’t understand.

3. Word formation as a source of speech richness

The vocabulary of the Russian language, as you know, is enriched primarily through word formation. The rich word-formation capabilities of the language allow you to create a huge number of derivative words using ready-made models. For example, in the “Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language” (Moscow, 1985), about 3000 words are given only with the prefix on. As a result of word-formation processes, large lexical nests arise in a language, sometimes including several dozen words.

For example, a nest with a root is empty: empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, empty, emptiness, empty, wasteland, wasteland, wasteland, devastate, devastate, devastation, devastator, devastating, desert, desolate, wasted, empty , empty, desolation, desolation, empty, etc.

Word-forming affixes add a variety of semantic and emotional shades to words. V.G. Belinsky is a Russian writer, literary critic, publicist, and Western philosopher.

On this occasion he wrote: “The Russian language is unusually rich in expressing natural phenomena... Indeed, what wealth for depicting the phenomena of natural reality lies only in Russian verbs that have types! Swim, swim, sail, sail, swim, sail, swim , float away, float away, float, float, float up, float up...: this is all one verb to express twenty shades of the same action!

The suffixes of subjective assessment in the Russian language are varied: they give words shades of endearment, derogatory, disdainful, irony, sarcasm, familiarity, contempt, and so on.

For example, the suffix yonk(a) gives the noun a shade of contempt: horse, hut, room, the suffix -enk(a) a shade of endearment: little hand, night, girlfriend, zorenka, etc.

The ability to use the word-forming capabilities of the language significantly enriches speech and allows you to create lexical and semantic neologisms, including individual author’s ones.

4. Grammatical resources of speech richness

The main sources of speech richness at the morphological level are synonymy and variation of grammatical forms, as well as the possibility of their use in a figurative meaning.

These include:

1) variation of case forms of nouns: a piece of cheese a piece of cheese, to be on vacation to be on vacation, bunkers bunkers, five grams five grams and others, characterized by different stylistic colors (neutral or bookish in nature, on the one hand, colloquial on the other);

2) synonymous case constructions, differing in semantic shades and stylistic connotations: buy for me buy for me, bring for brother bring for brother, didn’t open the window didn’t open the window, walk through the forest walk through the forest;

3) synonymy of short and full forms of adjectives that have semantic, stylistic and grammatical differences: the bear is clumsy, the bear is clumsy, the young man is brave, the young man is brave, the street is narrow, the street is narrow;

4) synonymy of forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives: lower lower, smarter smarter, smartest smartest smartest;

5) synonymy of adjectives and oblique case forms of nouns: library book from the library, university building of the university, laboratory equipment for the laboratory, Yesenin’s poems;

6) variation in combinations of numerals with nouns: with two hundred residents - residents, three students - three students, two generals - two generals;

7) synonymy of pronouns (for example, everyone every any, something something something anything, someone anyone anyone, someone someone, some any some something what some);

8) the possibility of using one number form in the meaning of another, some pronouns or verbal forms in the meaning of others, i.e., grammatical-semantic transfers, in which additional semantic shades and expressive coloring usually appear. For example, the use of the pronoun we in the meaning you or you to express sympathy, empathy: Now we (you, you) have already stopped crying, the use of we in the meaning I (the author's we): As a result of the analysis of the factual material, we came to the following conclusions.. (I came), the use of the future tense in the meaning of the present: You can’t erase a word from a song (proverb), You can’t pull a fish out of a pond without difficulty (proverb), etc.

The syntax of the Russian language with its unusually developed synonymy and variation, a system of parallel constructions, and almost free word order provides rich opportunities to diversify speech.

Syntactic synonyms, parallel figures of speech that have a common grammatical meaning, but differ in semantic or stylistic shades, in many cases can be interchangeable, which makes it possible to express the same idea in a variety of linguistic means.

Compare, for example: She is sad She is sad, There is no joy There is no joy What kind of joy is there, The school year has ended, the guys have left for the village, The school year has ended, the guys have gone to the village, Because the school year has ended, the guys have gone to the village, After (as soon as) the school year ended, the guys left for the village.

There are no formal grammatical restrictions for rearranging words. But when the order of words changes, the shade of thought changes: in the first case, the main thing is who was at the stadium, in the second where Nikolai was, in the third with whom. As noted by A.M. Peshkovsky, a sentence of five complete words (I’ll go for a walk tomorrow), depending on their rearrangement, allows 120 options. Consequently, word order is also one of the sources of speech richness.

Let's take, for example, the sentence: My brother arrived in the morning. By changing intonation, you can not only state the fact of your brother’s arrival, but also express your attitude (joy, surprise, indifference, dissatisfaction, etc.).

By moving the intonation center (logical stress), you can change the meaning of this sentence, Brother arrived in the morning (contains the answer to the question when did brother arrive?), Brother arrived in the morning (who arrived in the morning?). Intonation has the ability to “express semantic differences that are incompatible in one context in sentences with the same syntactic structure and lexical composition: What is her voice? What is her voice!, Your ticket? (i.e., yours or not yours) Your ticket! (t i.e., present it!) Intonation can give the same words completely different shades, expand the semantic capacity of the word. For example, the word hello can be pronounced joyfully, affectionately, affably and rudely, dismissively, arrogantly, dryly, indifferently, it can sound as a greeting and as an insult, humiliation of a person, i.e., acquire exactly the opposite meaning. “The range of intonations that expand the semantic meaning of speech can be considered unlimited. It would not be a mistake to say that the true meaning of what is said always lies not in the words themselves, but in the intonation with which they are pronounced.”

5. Speech richness and functional styles

Innovations in language reflect changes that have occurred in reality, human social activity and his worldview, or are the result of intralinguistic processes. “All changes in language,” noted L.V. Shcherba, a Russian and Soviet linguist and academician, “are forged and accumulated in the forge of colloquial speech.”

Therefore, in enriching the language, the conversational style plays an important role with its less strict, compared to book, norms, with its greater variability of speech units.

The conversational style, connecting the literary language with the common language, contributes to the enrichment of the literary language with new words, their forms and meanings, phrases that modify already established semantics, syntactic constructions and various intonations.

It is no coincidence that writers, poets, and publicists constantly resort to colloquial speech as an inexhaustible source of enriching the literary language. Also A.S. Pushkin, turning to the folk language, saw in it an eternally living and always refreshing source.

The entire 19th century, which gave rise to the geniuses of Russian literature, passed in search of ways to liberate the people under the sign of mastering and establishing folk speech in the struggle for the right of a writer to write in a living, simple and powerful language, not shying away from “peasant” words and phrases, but, on the contrary, relying on on them as a sample. Word artists introduce the most apt folk words and expressions, the most successful constructions, and colloquial intonations into literary speech, thereby contributing to its enrichment.

Fiction plays a primary role in consolidating innovations in literary language. Genuine works of art teach the reader the unconventional verbal formulation of thoughts, the original use of language. They are the main source of enriching the speech of society and individuals.

Many words and combinations, when used in journalism, especially in newspapers, acquire socially evaluative meaning and expand their semantics. Thus, in the adjective class a new meaning was formed corresponding to the ideology, interests of a particular class (class point of view), the word impulse (internal urge, push to something, caused by the activity of nervous stimuli) in newspaper speech acquired a positive assessment and specialized meaning: then , which accelerates something, promotes development (impulse to creativity, powerful impulse, impulse of acceleration). At the same time, some newspaper reports are replete with familiar, inexpressive words and phrases, speech cliches, templates that impoverish speech, depriving it of expressiveness and originality. The speech of the newspaper, as well as business papers, is the main source of stamps. From here they penetrate into colloquial and artistic speech, giving rise to monotony and poverty. The official business style, with its standardization, widespread verbal formulas, stamps, stencils that facilitate communication in the field of legal relations, is the poorest and most monotonous in comparison with others.

However, business speech, in accordance with its internal functional differentiation, can and should be diversified, including elements of other styles. Standardization in the official business style must have reasonable limits; here, as in other styles, a “sense of proportionality and conformity” must be observed.

In scientific speech, the choice of linguistic means is completely subordinated to the logic of thought. This is strictly thought-out, systematized speech, designed to accurately, logically consistently express a complex system of concepts with a clear establishment of relationships between them, which, however, does not interfere with its richness and diversity. The scientific style to a certain extent (though to a much lesser extent compared to the artistic, journalistic and colloquial style) contributes to the enrichment of the language, primarily through vocabulary and terminological phrases.

Conclusion

List of used literature

1. Gritsanov A.A. philosophy: Encyclopedia. Minsk: Interpressservice. 2002, 1376 p.

2. Efimov A.I. Stylistics of the Russian language. M.: Enlightenment. 1969, 261. p.

3. Idashkin Yu.V. Facets of talent: About the work of Yuri Bondarev. M.: Fiction. 1983, 230 p.

4. Larin B.A. In memory of academician Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba. L.: 1951, 33 p.

5. Peshkovsky A.M. Questions of native language methodology, linguistics and stylistics. M.: Gosizdat. 1930, 311 p.

6. Pleschenko T.P., Fedotova N.V., Chechet R.G. Stylistics and culture of speech. Minsk: TetraSystems.2001, 543 p.

7. Rosenthal D.E. Practical stylistics of the Russian language. M.: AST. 1998, 384 p. speech phraseological word formation

8. Russian writers. 1800-1917, T. 3. M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1992, 623 pp.

9. Slavin. L.I. The Tale of Vissarion Belinsky. M.: Furious 1973, 79. p.

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