As a result of studying this chapter, the student should:

know

• the concept and elements of the education system;
• levels and forms of education;
• features of the legal status of educational institutions; be able to
• distinguish between levels and forms of education; own
• skills in analyzing the provisions of the federal state educational standard and educational programs.

During the study of the content of this chapter, students will form the following competencies:

• use the basic provisions and methods of social, humanitarian and economic sciences in solving social and professional problems (OK-8);
• analyze socially significant problems and processes (OK-9);
• carry out professional activities on the basis of a developed sense of justice, legal thinking and legal culture (PC-2);
• respect the honor and dignity of the individual, observe and protect the rights and freedoms of man and citizen (PC-9);
• interpret various legal acts (PC-15);
• teach legal disciplines at the required theoretical and methodological level (PC-17).

CONCEPT AND ELEMENTS OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM

The system is a set of interconnected elements that add up to each other in a holistic unity. However, the system also presupposes the indispensable presence of interrelations between them. The same is observed in the education system.

In accordance with the current legislation, the education system includes the following:

• 1) Federal State Educational Standards and federal state requirements, educational standards, educational programs of various types, levels and (or) directions;
• 2) organizations engaged in educational activities, teachers, students and parents (legal representatives) of underage students;
• 3) federal state bodies and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state management in the field of education, and local government bodies exercising management in the field of education, advisory, advisory and other bodies created by them;
• 4) organizations providing educational activities, assessing the quality of education;
• 5) associations of legal entities, employers and their associations, public associations operating in the field of education.

As you can see, the legislator included heterogeneous elements in the education system. As a result, the system-forming factor is the common fundamental goal - to ensure the human right to education.

The education system under consideration is a certain integrity, orderliness and interconnection of various parts of the education structure. Thus, the education system in its most general form is an ordered set of relations between the subjects of the educational process.

There are three subsystems in the education system:

• 1) meaningful;
• 2) functional;
• 3) organizational and managerial.

Functional subsystem covers educational organizations of various types and types that implement educational programs and ensure the rights and interests of students.

Organizational and managerial subsystem includes state bodies and local governments that manage education, as well as organizations that provide educational activities and assess the quality of education.

At the heart of the functioning of the education system in Russia are the Federal State Educational Standards and educational programs that determine the content component of this system.

GEFs are adopted to achieve important strategic goals, among which the legislator highlights the following:

• 1) the unity of the educational space of the Russian Federation;
• 2) continuity of the main educational programs;
• 3) the variability of the content of educational programs of the corresponding level of education, the possibility of forming educational programs of various levels of complexity and focus, taking into account the educational needs and abilities of students;
• 4) state guarantees of the level and quality of education based on the unity of mandatory requirements for the conditions for the implementation of basic educational programs and the results of their development.

The Federal State Educational Standard is a set of mandatory requirements for education of a certain level and (or) for a profession, specialty and area of ​​training, approved by the federal executive body responsible for developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of education.

Educational program is a complex of the main characteristics of education (volume, content, planned results), organizational and pedagogical conditions and, in cases provided for by the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation", certification forms, which is presented in the form of a curriculum, calendar training schedule, work programs subjects, courses, disciplines (modules), other components, as well as assessment and methodological materials.

Educational standards and programs interact with each other according to the principle of primacy. On the one hand, educational programs are compiled on the basis of standards, on the other hand, standards also include a variable part, so educational programs implemented in various educational institutions may differ due to local components.

In the structure of the state educational standard, there are federal and regional (national-regional) components, as well as components of an educational institution.

Federal component determines the minimum content of the main educational programs, the maximum volume of the teaching load of students and the requirements for the level of training of graduates. Thus, the unity of the federal educational space is ensured.

Regional (national-regional) component makes it possible to more fully take into account the needs of the subjects of the Federation in the field of education of citizens living in the respective territory, as well as the interests of national cultures, regional traditions and other important circumstances.

The components of an educational institution (it can be conditionally called local, or depending on the type of institution - school, university, etc.) are developed and approved by the institution itself, taking into account the interests and needs of students and in accordance with the possibilities of organizing the educational process. For students with developmental disabilities, special educational standards may be established.

GEFs of vocational education have their own structure, consisting of three parts:

• 1) the general part - it establishes the basic principles for the organization of vocational education at a certain level;
• 2) a list of areas and specialties of training;
• 3) a special part, which contains the requirements for training in specific areas and specialties.

Educational programs are developed and approved by educational institutions in accordance with state standards. The classification of educational programs is carried out on various grounds. Depending on the type of education, general education and professional programs are distinguished.

General educational programs are designed to ensure the socialization of the individual, are aimed at the formation of culture, creating the basis for a conscious choice and development of professional educational programs. Taking into account the level, general education programs are divided into education programs:

• preschool;
• initial general;
• main general;
• average (full) general.

These programs are successive, i.e. each successive program builds on the previous one.

For students with developmental disabilities, on the basis of the main programs, special programs are developed to take into account the psychophysical characteristics and capabilities of students.

The main educational programs include:

• 1. Basic general education programs - educational programs of preschool education, educational programs of primary general education, educational programs of basic general education, educational programs of secondary general education.
• 2. Main professional educational programs:
• 1) educational programs of secondary vocational education - training programs for skilled workers, employees, training programs for mid-level specialists;
• 2) educational programs of higher education - bachelor's degree programs, specialist's degree programs, master's degree programs, programs for the preparation of scientific and pedagogical personnel in postgraduate (adjuncture) studies, residency programs, assistantship-internship programs.
• 3. Basic vocational training programs - vocational training programs for the professions of workers, positions of employees, retraining programs for workers, employees, advanced training programs for workers, employees.

Additional educational programs include:

• 1. Additional general education programs - additional general developmental programs, additional pre-professional programs.
• 2. Additional professional programs - advanced training programs, professional retraining programs.

Educational programs are independently developed and approved by the organization carrying out educational activities.

Current state and trends

Development of pedagogical science

The term pedagogy has 2 meanings: 1- area of ​​scientific knowledge, science; P-science about the upbringing, training and education of a person. 2-area of ​​practical activity. P-practice, as an area of ​​a person associated with education and training.

A branch of knowledge is called a science if it has a number of features

1. m.b. the subject of science is singled out. Protopopov wrote: “The subject of ... pedagogy should be considered not upbringing, education, training as an activity, which is accepted in our pedagogical literature, but as a process of directed development and formation of a human personality in the conditions of its training, education, upbringing (there are patterns of emergence, formation and development of the system of relations in the educational process)

2. for the study of this subject, science has its own methods (empirical: observation, experiment, survey, theoretical - analysis, synthesis, modeling, induction)

3. science is characterized by its laws, cat. are implemented by this science (patterns - essential, stable, repeating under certain conditions of interconnection) Strictly fixed patterns - laws. Knowledge of regularities, laws helps to control the development of the phenomenon.

4. Every science has a methodological basis

5. “has its own language, the higher the level of development of science, the stricter its language

Pedagogy studies upbringing and education

Education is a social phenomenon, a function of society to prepare the younger generation for life. It is carried out by public institutions, organizations, church, family, school

Education is the process and result of mastering knowledge, skills, skills, mastering the experience of mankind by a person.

Man is the object of study of pedagogical science.

Pedagogy as a science is relatively young, intensively developing.

Saints open interacts with other sciences (philosophy, sociology, economics, ethnography, psychology). At the junction of several sciences, new knowledge is born, uses the achievements of other sciences.

social science - any changes in society affect (which is confirmed by the history of development), studies social phenomena.

Humanitarian science, (about a person), scientific knowledge depends on the personal positions of scientists

Features of modern pedagogy:

1 The process of self-organization and self-assertion of pedagogy as a science continues: specification of the subject area, growth of scientific potential)

Fundamentalization and innovation tendencies are manifested (it matters what is fundamental, novelty is required)

3 Processes of differentiation and integration are intensifying

Trends:

1. Integration - combining pedagogical knowledge with knowledge of other sciences

2. Differentiation - pedagogical knowledge - an indicator of the development of science (preschool, higher, school, etc., etc.)

The processes of differentiation and integration are interconnected, → there are new branches in science that are characterized by their objects of study

The structure of pedagogical science:

Industries ped science - the object of study - a specific ped reality, a special type of ped practice - social, preschool, family, military

-scientific disciplines- the subject of research is the regularity of processes and phenomena - general pedagogy - the history of pedagogy, industry - teaching methods

-sections– form of scientific knowledge – product – didactics, theory of education, methodology

-scientific currents- the leading idea-principle: cooperation, non-violence, Christian

-scientific directions- research approach - the choice of a category through the prism of which the phenomenon is researched - axiology, ped design

-scientific fields- approach-problem-neuropedagogy, museum, valeology, ped technology

Currents: In the 80s, Volkov, Ivanov, Shatalov considered cooperation as a new approach to learning. The child must become a voluntary participant in the learning process. Teacher and student must interact. There were ideas of cooperation ped-ki.

1. focus on the personality of the child

2. optimistic hypothesis

3. the idea of ​​cooperation with the child and the team

4. ensuring success for every child

Conclusion: the child should be not only an object, but also a subject

Ped.success originated in the USA, the child is helped to see his abilities:

The structure of the modern education system. Types of educational institutions

In January 1992, the Law of the Russian Federation on Education. The principles of state policy in the region are determined. education, basic concepts, guarantee of citizens' rights, goals and principles of education, status and rights of educational institutions, approaches to content, approaches to management.

Education- a purposeful process of training and education and the interests of human society, the state, etc. the constant achievement of a citizen, determined by the state level of knowledge.

The education system of the Russian Federation is a set

1. Systems of admissions educational programs and state educational standards, of various levels and directions.

2. Networks of educational institutions implementing them, various organizational and legal forms, types, types.

3. The system of educational authorities, and subordinate institutions and enterprises.

The connection of education with the conditions of the goals of state policy, the diversity, diversity of forms of education in the state. and private arr.institutions with and without interruption of production, democratic character of the education system, students' choice of the type of educational institution in acc. with your own learning interests.

The system performs functions regulation, control and coordination of all educational authorities, which are controlled by the Ministry of General and Vocational Education

1. humanistic character of education, priority of human values

2. public access to education

3.unity of federal, cultural and educational character

4. secular character

5. freedom and pluralism in education

Education today is one of the main and important spheres of human life and society. It is an independent branch of the social and economic sphere. The education system in our country has undergone many changes.

The concept of education

As a rule, education refers mainly to the pedagogical sphere, and within the framework of this area of ​​science, its concept is as follows: it is a process aimed at educating and training in the interests of a member of society, during which he masters a body of knowledge. Thus, the process of education can be characterized by several features: purposefulness, organization, manageability, completeness and compliance with the quality requirements established by the state.

The origin of education in Rus'

Education and literacy have always been widespread in Russia, as evidenced by found birch bark letters dating back to the 1st millennium.

The beginning of widespread education in Rus' was laid by Prince Vladimir, when he issued a decree to take children from the best families and teach them "book learning", which was perceived by the ancient Russians as savagery and caused fear. Parents absolutely did not want to send their children to study, so students were enrolled in schools by force.

The first large school appeared in 1028 through the efforts of Yaroslav the Wise, who was able to gather 300 children and issued a command to "teach them books." Since then, the number of schools began to increase. They were opened mainly at monasteries and churches, and not only in cities, but also in rural settlements.

It is worth noting that the princes of Ancient Rus' were educated people, therefore they paid increased attention to teaching children and books.

Education and its level grew until the Mongol-Tatar invasion in the 13th century, which was of catastrophic significance for Russian culture, since almost all centers of literacy and books were destroyed.

And only in the middle of the 16th century did the rulers think about literacy and education again, and already in the 18th century education began to occupy a special place in the history of Russia. It was then that an attempt was made to create a state education system. Schools were opened and specialists in various sciences were invited from abroad, or Russian teenagers were sent to study abroad.

Only under Peter I, education and enlightenment, as well as their development, the opening of schools of various specializations (mathematical, geographical) became an important state task. Thanks to this, a system of vocational education arose in Russia.

With the death of Peter I, Russian education fell into decline, since his successors did not pay due attention to the sciences.

But if earlier only children of nobles and other noble families and families were allowed to study, then from the second half of the 18th century everything changed dramatically. Catherine II laid in the concept of "education" a completely different meaning - the education of the people.

The Ministry of Public Education was first created in 1802 by decree of Tsar Alexander I, the types of educational institutions were established: parish and district schools, gymnasiums and universities. Continuity between these institutions was established, the number of grade levels increased to 7, and it was possible to enter the university only after graduating from the gymnasium.

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, questions about the reform of school education began to be raised, which very soon found themselves in the center of public attention. During this period, the Russian school, despite various difficulties and contradictions, experienced a period of growth: the number of educational institutions, the number of students in them increased, a variety of forms and types of education appeared, as well as its content.

The history of the development of education in the XX century

The destruction of the education system that existed at that time began after the 1917 revolution. The structure of school administration was destroyed, private and religious educational institutions were closed, and the screening of "unreliable" sciences and teachers began.

The idea of ​​the Soviet school was a unified system of free and joint general education. The advantages for enrolling in classes were given to peasants and workers, the system of socialist education developed, and schools were separated from churches.

The laws adopted in the 40s on education in Russia have actually been preserved to this day: teaching children at school from the age of 7, introducing a five-point grading system, final exams at the end of school and awarding excellent students with medals (silver and gold).

Russian education reform

In the modern history of the Russian Federation, education reform began in 2010 with the signing of a bill on a set of measures to modernize the education system. The official start was given in 2011 on January 1.

The main measures taken to reform education include:

• The introduction of a unified state exam (EEG) to replace the “unfair”, according to legislators, examination system that has been operating in Russia for many decades.
• Introduction and further development of higher education at several levels - bachelor's and master's programs, aimed at bringing Russian education closer to European. Some universities have retained five-year training in some specialties, but today there are very few of them left.
• Gradual reduction in the number of teachers and educators.
• Reduction in the number of higher education institutions through their complete closure or reorganization, as a result of which they join stronger universities. This assessment was given to them by a special commission created by the Ministry of Education.

The results of the reform will not be summed up soon, but opinions are already divided. Some say that as a result of these changes, one of the highest quality and fundamental educational systems in the world collapsed. Since government subsidies have become much smaller, everything has come down to the commercialization of education at all levels of educational institutions. Others say that thanks to European standardization, Russian students have got a chance to work abroad, and the number of exam rigging has decreased in schools.

Structure

The education system in Russia consists of several components:

• State requirements and education standards developed at the federal level.
• Educational programs, consisting of different types, directions and levels.
• Institutions in the field of education, as well as the teaching staff, directly the students themselves and their legal representatives.
• Education management bodies (at the federal, regional and municipal levels) and advisory or advisory bodies created under them.
• Organizations designed to provide educational activities and assess its quality.
• Various associations working in the educational field (legal entities, employers, public structures).

Legislation and legal regulation of education

The right to education for citizens of our country is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 43), and all issues related to this are under the jurisdiction of the state and its subjects.

The main document regulating the education system is the Federal Law of December 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ “On Education in the Russian Federation”.

According to the document, decrees, orders, resolutions and other documents in the educational sphere can be adopted not only at the federal, but also at the regional and municipal levels, as additions to the main national laws.

Standards and state requirements for education

All training standards are adopted at the federal level and are designed to provide:

• Unified educational process throughout the Russian Federation.
• Continuity of the main programs.
• A variety of program content at the appropriate level, the formation of programs of various directions and complexity, taking into account the needs and abilities of students.
• A guaranteed level and quality system of education within the framework of the unified mandatory requirements of educational programs - according to the conditions and results of their study.

In addition, they are the basis on which the quality of education of students is assessed, as well as the timing of the training of a particular type of education.

Compliance with standards and requirements is a prerequisite for the implementation of basic education programs in preschool and other organizations engaged in educational activities.

State standards include, among other things, the requirements for basic educational programs:

For pupils with disabilities, there are special requirements and standards that are also available at the level of vocational education.

Education management in Russia

The education system is managed at several levels: federal, regional and municipal.

At the federal level, management is carried out by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, whose functions include the development of state policy and legal regulation in the educational sphere. Documents are accepted at the level of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation.

The Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Education and Science (Rosobrnadzor) is engaged in licensing, attestation of educational institutions, attestation of scientists and university teachers, attestation of graduates, confirmation of documents on education.

Management of education at the regional level is under the jurisdiction of the ministries, departments of education formed in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Controls the implementation of federal and regional legislation in the field of education Rosobrnadzor.

At the municipal level, education management, as well as the implementation of federal, regional and municipal laws and requirements, are carried out by departments, departments and departments of education located on the territory of municipalities.

Types of education systems and forms of education

The modern education system in Russia is divided into several types.

• The system of preschool education (nursery, kindergarten).
• Primary (kindergarten, school).
• Basic (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, cadet corps).
• Secondary (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, cadet corps).

Professional:

• The system of secondary specialized education (vocational schools, colleges, technical schools);
• Higher education system - bachelor's degree, specialist's degree, master's degree and training of highly qualified personnel (universities, academies).

Additional means:

• Specialized education for adults and children (palaces of children's creativity, art schools for adults and children).
• Vocational education (training institutes). It is carried out, as a rule, by scientific organizations and institutions.

Education is divided into 3 main forms of education: full-time, or full-time; part-time (evening) and part-time.

In addition, education can be obtained in the form of external studies, that is, self-study and self-education, and family education. These forms also give students the right to pass final attestations in educational institutions.

The new forms of education that have emerged as a result of the reforms include: a network education system (getting education with the help of several educational institutions at once), electronic and distance learning, which is possible using remote access to educational materials and passing final certifications.

Education and its educational and methodological support

The information base is the main tool for organizing the educational process. It reflects not only the ways of building the educational process, but gives a complete picture of the amount of learning content that is to be mastered.

The main goal pursued is the implementation of the requirements of state educational standards to provide all students with a complete set of educational and methodological materials for all forms of education.

The issues of educational and methodological support of the education process are supervised by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. It also approves the federal list of textbooks and their content. According to the order of the department, all school textbooks must also have an electronic version containing multimedia and interactive elements.

Well-established educational and methodological support allows you to systematize methodological, regulatory materials; analyze and improve the efficiency and quality of training sessions; build an objective system of assessing the knowledge of students and graduates.

Education spending

In recent years, the system of general education in Russia, its renewal and improvement has been one of the state's top priorities, despite economic difficulties. In this regard, subsidies allocated by the Government are growing from year to year.

So, for example, if in 2000 more than 36 billion rubles were allocated for the development of education, then already in 2010 - 386 billion rubles. budget injections. At the end of 2015, the education budget was executed in the amount of 615,493 million rubles.

Development of the education system

The concept was set out by the Government of the Russian Federation in Resolution No. 497 of May 23, 2015 “On the Federal Target Program for the Development of Education for 2016-2020”.

The program is aimed at creating a number of conditions for the effective development of education in Russia, aimed at providing affordable quality education that will meet the modern requirements of a socially oriented society as a whole.

The tasks to achieve this goal are:

• Formation and integration of structural and technological innovations in secondary vocational and higher education.
• Development and implementation of a set of measures to develop an effective and attractive system of additional education for children, a scientific and creative environment in educational institutions.
• Formation of such an infrastructure that would provide conditions for the training of highly qualified personnel in the conditions of the modern market.
• Formation of a demanded system for assessing the quality of education itself and its educational results.

The implementation of the Program is divided into 2 stages:

• 2016-2017 – approbation and implementation of measures initiated since the start of the Federal Education Reform.
• 2018-2020 - changing the structures of education, distribution of new educational programs, introduction of new technologies and much more.

The Consequences of the Reform and the Problems of the Development of Education in Russia

Russian education, which was underfunded in the 1990s and has undergone fundamental changes since 2010, according to many experts, has begun to lose much in quality. Here we can single out a number of problems, due to which education not only does not develop, but slides down.

Firstly, the social status of teachers and instructors has decreased. This applies not only to the degree of respect for such work, but also to the level of payment and social state guarantees.

Secondly, a powerful bureaucratic system that does not allow young and talented scientists to receive scientific degrees and titles.

Thirdly, the elimination of educational criteria and standards that have been built up for decades, and from that they have become transparent and accessible to everyone who is interested.

Fourthly, the introduction of the EEG as an exam, which boils down only to assessing the student's memory in certain subjects, but in no way contributing to the development of logic, creative thinking.

Fifth, the introduction of new types of education systems: undergraduate (4 years) and master's (6 years). The departure from the specialist's degree programs (5 years) has led to the fact that now 5-year programs are cut to a minimum, and master's programs are replete with additional and often completely unnecessary subjects for teaching a future undergraduate.

Unfortunately, in the modern world, most people do not reach the possible level of development, and because of this, a person himself, other people, the state, and society lose a lot.

The right to education - a basic and natural human right - aims to satisfy a person's need for information and directly in training and education. The need for information and education is on a par with the primary needs of a person: physiological, to ensure safety and security.

The legal definition of education is given in the preamble of the Law of July 10, 1992 N 3266-1 "On Education", where it is understood as a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of a person, society, state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels established by the state (educational qualifications). It follows from the above definition that education is characterized by the presence of two components (processes) - education and training, as well as confirmation of the achievement of the appropriate educational qualification by the student.

It can be noted that education should be a unity of learning processes, upbringing and results.

A more extended concept of education is contained in the draft Concept of the Model Educational Code for the CIS Member States.

In it, education is understood as the process of upbringing and education in the interests of the individual, society, state, focused on the preservation, improvement and transfer of knowledge, transmission of culture to new generations in order to ensure sustainable socio-economic and spiritual development of the country, continuous improvement of the moral, intellectual, aesthetic and the physical state of society.

Education is understood as "a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of a person, society, state."

Education in Russia is a system. In Art. 8 of the Law "On Education" states that education in the Russian Federation is a system. Any system is a form of organization of a certain number of elements, "something whole, which is a unity of regularly arranged and interconnected parts."

System (from the Greek systema - a whole made up of parts; connection) - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity. In modern science, the study of systems of various kinds is carried out within the framework of a systems approach, general systems theory, and various special systems theories.

The provision of the Law on the systematic nature of Russian education is one of the key ones. Only in the interrelation and coherence of all links of this system is it possible to get rid of unnecessary duplication, "gaps" and inconsistencies between the various levels and educational programs of the Russian educational system and, ultimately, to make the educational service of high quality, and the process of its provision to the population - effective.

In this regard, the remark of V.B. Novichkov that the legislator recklessly did not include individuals in the "set of interacting elements" of the education system of individuals, because it is the person, and not society, not the state, that is the root cause, the starting point, the central link of the entire education system, in the absence of which the system itself cannot be conceived . The humanistic orientation of the entire legal system of modern Russia, obviously, in the near future will lead to the inclusion of a person in the educational system as an independent subsystem. The introduction of this fourth subsystem will make it possible to more accurately define the rights, duties and responsibilities of all parties involved in educational legal relations.

One way or another, at present the Russian education system includes three subsystems (or three elements of the system):

content subsystem. This concept traditionally includes state educational standards and educational programs, since it is these elements that represent the content side of education in a particular country. The presence of detailed and clear standards in all segments of the educational system, as a rule, indicates a high systemic nature of education in general in a given country. According to this indicator, Russia is far from the first place.

functional subsystem. This subsystem of Russian education includes educational institutions that implement educational programs and state educational standards, regardless of the form of ownership, type and kind.

Organizational and managerial subsystem. The organizational and managerial subsystem in Russia is in the vast majority of cases three-tiered, since responsibility for managing the continuous process of implementing state educational standards is usually divided between three main governing entities - federal government bodies, regional government bodies and local government educational institutions (administrations of educational institutions). Moreover, such a three-tier management subsystem is fair in relation, among other things, to private educational institutions operating in the Russian Federation. The exception is municipal educational institutions - in this case, the organizational and managerial subsystem is a four-tier one: in addition to the three above-mentioned managing entities, municipal educational authorities are added, which, within their competence, have the right to give mandatory instructions to the administrations of municipal educational institutions, as well as exercise other powers (Art. 31 of the Law on Education) .

In its structural aspect, education, as well as training, is a triune process, characterized by such aspects as the assimilation of experience, the development of behavioral qualities, physical and mental development. Thus, education is determined by certain ideas about the social functions of a person.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of various types and types:

preschool;

general education;

Institutions for orphans and children left without parental care;

Professional (initial, secondary special, higher, etc.);

Institutions of additional education;

Other institutions providing educational services.

Pre-school education is not compulsory and usually covers children from 3 to 6-7 years old.

General secondary school. Education from 7 to 18 years. There are different types of schools, including special schools with in-depth study of certain subjects and for teaching children with developmental disabilities.

Primary education usually forms part of secondary education, except in small villages and outlying areas. Primary school or the first level of general secondary school covers 4 years, most children enter school at the age of 6 or 7 years.

Basic general education. At the age of 10, children finish primary school, move to secondary school, where they study for another 5 years. After completing the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enter, for example, a technical school.

Complete general education. After studying for another two years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the guys take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Higher education. Represented by universities, academies and higher institutions. According to the federal law of August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ "On higher and postgraduate professional education", the following types of higher educational institutions are established in the Russian Federation: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a specialist diploma (training period - 5 years), or a bachelor's degree (4 years), or a master's degree (6 years). Higher education is considered incomplete if the period of study is at least 2 years.

Professional education. Vocational education represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher professional education.

Primary vocational education. Such education can be obtained in professional lyceums, technical schools or other institutions of primary vocational education after finishing the 9th or 11th grade.

Secondary vocational education. The institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools and colleges. They are accepted there after 9th and 11th grades.

Higher professional education. System of post-higher education: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Modern reforms in the field of education, carried out against the background of the globalization of the economy and Russia's desire to enter a single educational space, are subordinated to the interests of a united Europe, which determines the dependence of states in various areas of public life.

Among the main documents aimed at creating a unified European educational system is the Bologna Declaration, signed in 1999 by the Ministers of Education of 29 countries.

The basis for the Bologna Declaration was the University Charter Magna Charta Universitatum (Bologna 1988) and the Sorbonne Declaration - "Joint Declaration on the Harmonization of the Architecture of the European System of Higher Education" (1998), which put forward the ideas of the fundamental principles of a single European space and a single higher education zones for the development of the European continent.

The Bologna Declaration of 1999 (signed by Russia in 2003) defines integration not only in the education systems of European states, but also in other areas. At the same time, education itself acts as a powerful factor in the rapprochement of national states and the formation of transnational public-state systems.

As you can see, the plans to create a unified educational environment largely determine the goals of not only educational, but also cultural, scientific, economic integration of the states of the European region, and in the future - the construction of supranational states of a homogeneous type of management.

Russia's entry into the Bologna process is one of the elements of global influence on the domestic policy of the state and at the same time a factor in the transformation of the Russian education system.

In the processes of globalization, Russia's interests in the European region can be significantly opposed to similar interests of European states. Moreover, in the available statements, Russia's intentions by the end of the first decade of the 21st century. to become part of the common European system of higher education are bound by political barriers, in which equal partnership in this area can only be granted to the countries of the European Union.

On the way to a free educational space, Russia is experiencing a lot of obstacles, not only external, but internal. The problems lie in the search for an education reform model adequate to a certain historical moment, taking into account not only world processes, but also the interests of Russia's sustainable development in the short and long term.

The task of the national education system in modern conditions is to go through the transition period quickly, competently and efficiently, to equip Russian citizens with such fundamental and practical knowledge that they need not only today, but will also be required in the future.

The development of the education system in Russia is determined by the world trends of globalization. Socio-economic changes in the country that have taken place in the last 15 years have led to an internal crisis in the educational system.

Russia takes an active part in the creation of a unified international educational space. Since the 1990s, a broad modernization of the Russian education system has been carried out, aimed at its democratization and development "as an open state-public system."